Web 3.0: Fasahar “EDGE Computing” (2)

Fasahar “EDGE”, kamar yadda bayani ya gabata a makon jiya, ita ce hanyar da ake kokarin samarwa a halin yanzu don kara inganta tsarin aikawa da sarrafawa da kuma karban bayanai ta giza-gizan sadarwa na duniya marhala ta 3.  Fahimtar wannan tsari zai yi wa mai karatu sauki ne idan muka yi waiwaye kan hanyoyin da aka yi amfani dasu a gabanin wannan lokaci, da ma hanyar da muke amfani da ita yanzu.  Wadannan hanyoyi dai na kasa su ne zuwa marhaloli 3.  Ga bayaninsu nan dalla-dalla:

Marhalar Farko – ISPs

Wannan shi ne marhalar da ya kunshi lokacin samuwar fasahar Intanet a duniya, zuwa lokacin da aka fara gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci.  Wannan lokaci ya kama ne daga shekarar 1986 zuwa shekarar 2000.  A wannan lokaci, duk wani mai gidan yanar sadarwa a Intanet, kamfani ne ko hukuma, ko kuma daidaikun jama’a, su ne ke adana shafukan gidan yanar sadarwarsu da kansu, a kwamfutocin da suka tanada a gidajensu.  Ma’ana, idan ka gina shafin Intanet, sai ka dora a kan kwamfutarka, wacce ke dauke da manhajar Uwar garke, wato: “Internet Server” kenan.  Don bai wa duk mai sha’awar hawa shafin damar isa gare shi ta amfani da kwamfutarsa.  Haka ma kamfanonin sadarwa irin su Yahoo!, da Microsoft, da Excite, da America Online (AOL) suke.  Duk su ne ke adana shafukan gidan yanar sadarwarsu da kansu.

Da tafiya ta dan yi nisa, jama’a suka fara yawaita a giza-gizan sadarwa na Intanet, kuma harkokin kasuwanci suka fara yawaita, har zuwa zamanin da ake kira: “The Dotcom Boom”, sai aka samu kamfanonin sadarwa dake sana’ar adana wa mutane ko kamfanoni shafukan gidan yanar sadarwarsu a Intanet.  Wadannan kamfanoni su ake kira: “Internet Service Providers”, ko “ISPs” a gajarce.  Idan ka gina shafin yanar sadarwa, sai kaje su adana maka, ka rika biyan kudin ajiya a duk wata ko shekara, misali.  Kasuwar wadannan kamfanoni ta ci sosai, domin ba kowa bane ke iya adana shafukan gidan yanar sadarwarsa a kwamfutar dake gidansa.  Wasu don ba su da kwarewar yin hakan ne.  Wasu kuma matsalar wutar lantarki ce.  Wasu kuma saboda yanayin gidan yanar sadarwar nen; idan masu ziyara na ziyartar shafin a kowane lokaci babu kakkautawa, kuma harkokin kasuwanci kake yi, wannan na nufin dole kwamfutar dake dauke da shafin ta zama a kunne a kowane lokaci da rana.  Ko da kana da makamashin wutar lantarki mai dorewa, da kuma kwarewar, ba kowace babbar manhajar kwamfuta (Operating System) ke iya jure zama a kunne na tsawon kwanaki ko watanni ko shekara ba tare da an kashe an sake kunna ta ba.  Shi yasa ma a lokacin aka fi amfani da babbar manhajar Linux, ba Windows na kamfanin Microsoft ba.

Marhala ta Biyu – Datacenter

Da tafiya tayi nisa, sai kamfanoni suka yawaita a giza-gizan sadarwa ta duniya, kuma manhajoji da tsarin sadarwa suka sauya har bayanan da ake ta’ammali dasu suka kara yawa fiye da lokutan baya, hakan yasa aka samu sauyi.  Sai manyan kamfanonin sadarwa na Intanet – irin su Microsoft, da Google, da Yahoo!, Facebook – suka fara samar da wuraren ajiyewa da kuma sarrafa bayanansu kai tsaye, ba tare da amfani da kamfanoni nau’in ISPs ba.  Wadannan wuraren adana bayanai su ake kira: “Datacenter”.  Kowanne daga cikin manyan kamfanonin duniya, irin su Google, da Apple, da Microsoft, da Amazon, hada ma da sauran kamfanonin kasuwanci irin su Walmart, da Barnes and Nobles da dai sauransu, sun mallaki wadannan wurare.

Hikimar yin hakan shi ne, don samun saukin sarrafa bayanan da maziyarta shafukansu ke aikawa da karba.  Misali, kamfanin Google na da cibiyoyin sarrafa bayanai sama da 10 dake warwatse tsakanin kasar Amurka da Turai, masu dauke da kwamfutoci na musamman sama da dubu 400!  Haka abin yake ga kamfanin Microsoft, da Yahoo!, da sauran makamantansu.  Duk bayanan da kake gani ko kake rubutawa da aikawa a shafinka na Facebook, ana taskance su ne a ire-iren wadannan wurare da kamfanin ya mallaka, don killace bayanansa shi kadai.  Wannan ya faro ne tun daga shekarar 2000 zuwa shekara ta 2010.

Marhala ta Uku – Cloud Computing

Daga shekarar 2010 tsarin ginawa da kera wayoyin salula da kwamfuta suka kara inganci.  Haka ma tsarin sadarwa ta fasahar Intanet, da tsarin gina manhajoji na wayar salula (Mobile Web Apps) suka yawaita, inda galibin mutane suke gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci da sadarwa ta amfani wayoyin salula masu dauke da fasahar Intanet.  Wannan ci gaba da aka samu ne ya jawo da yawa cikin mutane, musamman a kasashe masu tasowa, zuwa ma’amala da wadannan hanyoyi da na’urorin sadarwa.  A daya bangaren kuma, harkokin kasuwanci suka yawaita.  Kafafen sada zumunta (Social Media Platforms) suka bunkasa.  Daga nan ne manyan kamfanonin kasuwancin sadarwa suka samar da wata sabuwar hanyar taskance bayanai; ko dai ta hanyar ajiya kadai, ko kuma ta hanyar musayar bayanai kai tsaye.  Wannan sabuwar hanya ita ake kira: “Cloud Computing.”

Tsarin “Cloud Computing” wata hanya ce da kamfanonin sadarwar Intanet – irin su Google, da Microsoft, da Amazon – suka samar, wacce ke baiwa duk wanda yayi rajista damar adana bayanansa a ma’adanarsu kai tsaye, ta hanyar wata manhaja ta musamman, ko don adanawa, ko kuma don musayar bayanai kai tsaye, a duk sadda kake jone da siginar Intanet.  Misali, idan kana da adireshin Imel na kamfanin Google mai suna: “Gmail”, kana da ma’adanar bayanai (Data Storage) na kyauta, wanda mizaninsa yakai 15GB.  Kana iya zuba bayananka kai tsaye ta manhajar “Google Drive”.  Idan na kamfanin Microsoft ne, kana da ma’adanar kyauta ta hanyar manhajar “OneDrive”.  Idan na bangaren Amazon ne, kana da ma’adana ta manhajar “Amazon AWS”.

Karkashin wannan sabon tsari, hatta manhajar kwamfuta duk ana ginawa a ire-iren wadannan ma’adanai da kamfanoni irin su Google ke sayarwa, ko bayarwa kyauta.  To amma duk da haka, kasancewar wadannan ma’adanai suna girke ne a kasashen Amurka da Turai, ana samun tsaiko tsakanin lokacin da aka aika sako, da sadda aka sarrafa sakon, da kuma lokacin da samakon sakon ya isa inda ake son ya kai.  Sannan idan aka samu matsala a inda wadannan ma’adanai suke dauke, zai shafi dukkan bayanan dake wannan wuri.  Shi yasa a halin yanzu ake kokarin samar da wani tsari da zai magance wadannan matsaloli ko kalubale.  Wannan tsari kuwa shi ne Fasahar “EDGE Computing”, wanda makon gobe masu karatu za su fahimci yadda yake gudana da kuma rukunansa.