Hanyoyi 9 Da Fasahar AI Ta Sauya Duniya a Shekarar 2023 (1)

AI a Shekarar 2023

Duk da cewa fannin AI (Artificial Intelligence) fanni ne da ya samo asali tun shekaru sama da 50 da suka gabata, sai dai babu shekarar da wannan fasaha ta samu ci gaba da haɓaka sanadiyyar sauyin yanayi, irin cikin shekarar 2023 da ta gabata.  A wannan shekara ne duniya ta ƙara samun sanayya tabbatacce kan wannan fanni da fasaha, tare da ire-iren abubuwan da fasahar ke iya gudanarwa na ban al’ajabi, da ci gaba, da kuma abubuwan da masana suka fara hasashe cewa, muddin duniya bata yi wannan yunƙuri wajen ƙayyade bunƙasar wannan fasaha ba, to, akwai tabbacin nan gaba za a samu gamammiyar matsala a duniya baki ɗaya.

Idan mai karatu na tare damu a makon shekaranjiya da jiya, zai ga tuni mun fara bayani kan hanyoyi da dabaru mafi sauƙi da za a iya bi wajen cin gajiyar wannan sabuwar fasaha mai haɓaka cikin sauri kamar wutar daji.  Kasancewar babu wata fasaha da tayi tasiri a duniya a shekarar 2023 irin tasirin da fasahar AI tayi, yasa naga dacewar yin bita kan hanyoyi 9 da fasahar AI tayi tasiri a duniya a shekarar 2023.  Wannan tasiri ne ya bayyana tare da ƙara sanayya ga fannin, ciki har da yunƙurin hukumomin duniya wajen haɓakawa tare da ƙayyade ci gaban bincike a wannan fanni, tare da taimaka wa ƙananan kamfanoni (Tech Startups) wajen gudanar da bincike a fanni, kamar yadda Gwamnatin tarayya a Najeriya ta zaɓi wasu kamfanoni ta basu Naira miliyan 5 kowanne don gudanar da bincike da manufar ci gaban wannan fanni a Najeriya.

Bayan koro bayanai daga makon shekaranjiya zuwa jiya kan ci gaban wannan fasaha da kuma haɗurran dake tattare da yaɗuar fannin ba tare da ƙaidi ba, na san masu karatu za suyi tsammanin maƙalar wannan mako ta zama kan bayanin hanyoyin cin gajiyar wannan fasaha ne, kamar yadda muka yi alƙawari.  Ayi haƙuri.  Mun sauya akalar rubutun ne don ƙoƙarin faɗaɗa tattaunawar, in yaso a ƙarshe sai muyi bayani kan waɗannan dabaru na cin gajiyar AI a ƙarshen maƙalar. Amma kafin mu shiga bayani kan waɗannan hanyoyi 9, zai dace masu karatu su fahimci ma’ana da asalin wannan fasaha, tare da sanin fannonin da wannan fasaha ta shafa kai tsaye, sai kuma samuwar wannan fasaha ta AI a aikace, cikin na’urori da hanyoyin sadarwa na zamani.

Ma’ana da Asalin Fannin Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Wannan fanni na “AI”, fanni ne dake karantar da yadda ake cusa wa kowace irin na’ura da hanyoyin sadarwa na zamani basira irin ta ɗan adam.  Manufar fasahar “AI” ita ce, koya wa kwamfuta da manhajojin kwamfuta, da na’urorin sadarwa – irin wayar salula da nau’ukanta – na’ura mai fasaha – wato: “Robots” – wasu daga cikin tsarin tunani da ɗabi’un ɗan adam, don basu damar aiwatar da ayyuka a kintse, a natse, a cike, a lokaci da yanayin da ake son su gabatar.  Ana koya musu irin waɗanna ɗabi’u da halayya ne ta hanyar bijiro musu da tarin bayanai – rubutattu, ko sauti, ko hotuna, ko kuma bidiyo – in suke nazari kansu, wanda hakan ke basu daman fahimtar yanayi, da tsari, da siffa, da kamaiceceniyar dake tsakanin kalmomi, ko haruffa, ko hotuna, ko zane, ko bidiyo, ko ɗige-ɗige.

Fannin “AI” fanni ne mai fadin gaske.  Duk da cewa yanzu ne ake cin gajiyar fannin a aikace, amma ya samo asali ne tun shekarun 1950s, inda bincike ya fara gudana har zuwa shekarar 1977.  Daga nan kuma komai ya tsaya.  Domin ta la’akari da ƙa’idojin wannan fanni, ana buƙatar tarin bayanai masu ɗimbin yawa ne don amfani dasu wajen koya wa kwamfuta ko ma kowace irin na’ura ce, fahimtar alaƙar dake tsakanin bayanai.  A wancan lokacin kuwa babu irin wannan bayanai da ake buƙata; domin ko fasahar Intanet ma bata bunƙasa ba.  To amma yanzu a dukkan daƙiƙa, mutane da ma’aikatu da masana’antu na samar da bayanai masu ɗimbin yawa da ya wuce tunanin ɗan adam – tsakanin waɗanda aka ɗora a giza-gizan sadarwa na duniya da waɗanda kamfanoni ke samarwa sanadiyyar alaƙarsu da masu hulɗa dasu.  Wannan tarin bayanai shi ake kira: “Big Data”, kuma dasu ake amfani wajen koya wa na’urorin sadarwa na zamani tsarin tunani, da hangen nesa, da ba da shawara, da dai sauransu.

A ƙarƙashin fannin “AI” akwai fannoni guda biyu mahimmai waɗanda su ne ginshiƙin fannin baki ɗaya.  Ɓangaren farko shi ake kira: “Machine Learning” ko “ML” a gajarce.  Wannan fanni na dogaro ne da hanyoyin koya wa kwamfuta ko wata manhaja iya  fahimtar abubuwa – rubutu ne, ko sauti, ko alamomi, ko siffofi na musamman – don sabawa dasu da iya gane su nan gaba.  Galibi akan yi amfani da ƙa’idojin ilimin ƙididdiga ne, wato: “Statistical Models”, don tabbatar da ɗabi’un da ake son kwamfuta ko wata manhajar kwamfuta na musamman ta saba dasu.  Ƙarƙashin wannan fanni, ana ɗabi’antar da kwamfuta ko manhajar kwamfuta ne da abubuwan da aka tsara mata na musamman.  Ana gudanar da wannan koyarwa ne ƙarƙashin wani tsarin koyo-mara-‘yanci da ake kira da suna: “Supervised Learning.”

Fanni na biyu kuma shi ne fannin: “Deep Learning”, ko “DL” a gajarce.  Shi kuma wannan fannin dashi ake amfani wajen ɗabi’antar da wata na’ura ta musamman, kamar na’urorin da ake amfani dasu a masana’antu don ƙere-ƙere na zamani, wajen tantance abubuwa, ko aiwatar da wasu ayyuka, ko tantance ingancin wani tsari da dai sauransu.  Ƙarƙashin wannan tsari ko fanni, ana girka wa na’ura ne irin ɗabi’un da kwakwalwar ɗan adam ke ɗauke dasu, sai a bar na’urar tayi tunani sannan ta ba da sakamakon abin da ta fahimta daga abubuwan da aka gabatar mata.  Wannan fanni na amfani ne da wani tsari mai suna: “Neural Network”.   Ana gudanar da wannan koyarwa ne ƙarƙashin wani tsarin koyo- mai-‘yanci da ake kira da suna: “Unsupervised Learning.”