Tasirin Ci Gaban Kimiyya da Fasaha Ga Rayuwa da Zamantakewar Dan Adam a Duniya (3)

Matashiya

A makon jiya mun fara gudanar da bayanai kan shahararrun kalmomi da suka shafi fannin kimiyyar xabi’u da siffofin halitta.  A wancan karo mun dakata da bayani ne kan ma’anar xabi’a mai rinjaye da nakasasshiyar xabi’a, wato: “Dominant and Recessive Traits”.  A yau za mu ci gaba, inda za mu dora bayani kan kalmar “Genotype” da ragowan kalmomin da suka rage. Bismillah!

Ma’anonin Kalmomi a Warware

Sai kalmar “Genotype” wato “Nau’in xabi’ar halitta” na wani mutum da ake iya gane shi da ita. Kowane xan adam idan aka aiwatar da gwajin xabi’ar halitta (DNA test) daga kwayoyin halittarsa za a samu yana da kebantacciyar xabi’a ta musamman wanda babu mai irinta, kuma duk wanda ya dangance shi daga cikin ‘ya’yansa, za a iya gane dangantakarsu ta wannan hanya. Wannan shi ne abin da Gwamnatin Jigar Legas tayi a kan gawawwakin waxanda suka rasa rayukansu a hadarin jirgin Dana Air da ya auku a shekarun baya. Ana amfani da wannan hanya ne wajen kokarin gane waye wane? Kuma wa ke da alaka da wane? Waxannan al’amura ne da ke boye cikin kwayoyin halittar xan adam, kamar yadda bayani ya gabata.  Sai kalmar “Genetic Code,” wato “Tambarin Xabi’ar Halitta.”  Jerin haruffa ne da ke wakilatar bayanan xabi’un halittar kowane xan adam, waxanda ke da alhakin haifar da gadon xabi’a daga maihaifi a misali, zuwa kan ‘ya’ya ko jikokinsa.

Kalma ta gaba ita ce kalmar “Phenotype”, wato “Nau’in Xabi’ar Halitta ta Zahiri.”  Kamar yadda ake amfani da “Genotype” don gano alaka da dangantaka ta hanyar kwayoyin xabi’ar halitta da ke boye a kwayar halittar jikin mutum, to, haka tsarin “Phenotype” yake wajen gano dangantakar halitta, amma na zahiri; tsawo ne, gajarta ne, fadi ne, sirantaka ne, fari ne, baki ne, da dai sauransu.  A takaice dai, “Phenotype” shi ne “Nau’in Xabi’ar Halitta ta Zahiri” da ake iya gani.  Domin akwai dalilai guda biyu da ke haddasa tsarin gadon xabi’un halitta a tsakanin halittu.  Dalilin farko shi ne bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin kwayoyin halitta, wato “Cell” kenan, kamar yadda bayani ya gabata a sama. Dalili na biyu kuma shi ne tasirin mahallin da halittu ke zama a cikinsa ko a harabarsa, wajen sauya xabi’ar halitta daga wanda ake gado zuwa mai gado.

Kalma ta gaba ita ce “Gene Mutation,” wato “Canjin Xabi’ar Halitta.”  Wannan kan faru ne idan aka samu kari ko ragi ko jirkicewar yanayin xabi’un halitta, daga cikin kwayoyin halittar mutum.  Misali, mutum na iya rayuwa shekaru goman farkon rayuwar aurensa yana haifan ‘ya’ya masu kama iri daya na xabi’ar halitta, sai a gaba ya samu wasu ‘ya’ya masu bambancin xabi’ar halitta daban da wacce ‘ya’yansa na farko suke da ita, sanadiyyar wancan dalili.  Idan haka ta faru, to, an samu “Sauyin Xabi’ar Halitta” kenan daga kwayoyin halittar da ke jikinsa ko na matarsa. Wannan shi ake kira “Gene Mutation.”  Kalma ta gaba ita ce “Genetic Disorder,” wacce ke nufin “Tangardar Xabi’ar Halitta.”  Wannan tangarda na haifar da cuta ne na musamman, misali kamar su cutar sankara da sauransu, kuma hakan na faruwa ne sanadiyyar canji ko sauyin xabi’un halitta da ke cikin kwayoyin halittar Uba ko Uwa, mai dauke da xabi’ar halitta mafi rinjaye, wato “Recessive Trait.”  Wasu cututtukan kan samu ne ta hanyar gado daga Uba ko Uwa masu dauke da cutar, wasu kuma kan samu ne sanadiyyar “Canjin Xabi’ar Halitta” (Gene Mutation) da ya faru daga baya, a kwayoyin halittar mai gadar da xabi’ar.

Kalma ta gaba ita ce “Gene Therapy,” wato “Magance Tangardar Halitta.”  Ana kuma yin hakan ne ta hanyar maye gurbin xabi’un halittar da suka lalace ko masu haddasa tangarda ta hanyar gadar wa ‘ya’ya cututtuka na musamman, da wasu xabi’un halitta (Genes) masu kyau, waxanda suke lafiyayyu.  Fannin “Gene Therapy” ne ke magance matsalolin “Genetic Disorder”, wato “Tangardar Xabi’ar Halitta.”  Sai kalma ta gaba, wato “Heredity.”  Abin da wannan kalma ke nufi shi ne, tsarin “Gadon Xabi’un Halitta” daga mai gadarwa (Uba ko Uwa) zuwa mai gado (‘Ya’ya ko Jikoki). Waxannan xabi’un halitta dai sun hada da launin fatan jiki, da launin idanu, da launin gashin kai, da dai sauransu.  A wasu lokuta a kan yi amfani da kalmar “Inheritance” a maimakon “Heredity.”  Duk ma’anarsu daya ne a wannan fanni. Sai kalmar “Genetics”, wadda ke nufin “Ilmin Gadon Xabi’un Halitta.”  Wannan shi ne sunan da wannan fanni ke tutiya da shi.  Suna ne gamamme.  Sai kalma ta karshe mai suna “Genetic Engineering,” wato “Fannin Kwaskwariman Xabi’ar Halitta” ta hanyar kimiyya da fasahar sadarwar zamani.  Wannan fanni ne mai hadari, kuma nan gaba bayanai za su zo kan muhawarar masana kimiyya, da masana al’adu, da masana tarihi, da Malaman addini, kan dacewa ko rashin dacewar wannan tsari na kwaskwariman xabi’ar halittar xan adam, musamman.

A mako mai zuwa za mu ci gaba.  A ci gaba da kasancewa tare damu.