Sakonnin Masu Karatu (2019) (14)

Assalamu alaikum Baban Sadik, ina maka fatan alheri.  Don Allah ina so a kara yi min bayani akan waxannan abubuwan ne; na farko shi ne yadda kwamfuta ke sauya abu zuwa 0 da 1, wato Binary System.  Sai kuma yadda lambobin nan rukuni 4 na masu mai suna “IP Address” suke aiki; domin na kasa fuskantarsu yadda ya kamata.  Ka huta lafiya. Daga Misbahu Ibrahim Musa Fagwalawa Dambatta. 08079903302

Wa alaikumus salam, barka ka dai Malam Ibrahim.  Tambayarka ta farko kan yadda kwamfuta ke sarrafa bayanai ta hanyar sifili (0) da xaya (1), tambaya ce mai mahimmanci da har yanzu da yawa cikin mutane ke mamakin yadda abin ke aukuwa.  Da farko dai, sabanin yadda ka fahimta kamar yadda yake karara a nassin tambayarka, ba “sauya” abubuwa take ba.  A a.  Tana fahimtarsu ne, da sarrafa su, da kuma adana su a yanayin “0” da “1”.  Wannan fanni shi ake kira: “The Binary System”, kuma wannan tsarin yare da kwamfuta ke amfani dashi wajen fahimta, da sarrafawa da kuma taskance bayanai shi ake kira: “The Machine Language”.

A haqiqanin gaskiya, kwamfuta bata san wani abu mai suna “A” ko “B” ba, ko kadan.  Kaine kasan wannan.  Amma duk abin da ka shigar mata, akwai manhaja ko tsari na musamman da aka tanada mata wanda yake juya mata zancen da ka shigar zuwa yaren da take fahimta.  Wannan tsari ko manhaja kuwa shi ake kira: “Compiler” ko “Translator”.  Haka idan manhajar kwamfuta kake ginawa a kan wata kwamfutar, duk umarnin da kake bata, sai an juya mata shi zuwa yarenta sannan ta sarrafa maka shi.  Idan ka danna maballin shigar da bayanai mai dauke da lambar “3” misali, kwamfuta za ta taskance maka wannan lamba a wani bigire cikin ma’adanarta, kamar haka: “000011110000111100”, a misali.  Duk sadda ka buqaci ta dauko maka wannan lamba da ka shigar mata, to, wadancan lambobin za ta dauko, sai ta miko maka.  Amma kafin sukai marhalar da za ka gansu a shafin kwamfutar, sai wancan manhaja mai tarjama ta fassara maka su zuwa lambar da ka shigar, wato: “3”.

Dangane da tambayarka ta biyu kuma, waxannan rukunin lambobi su ake kira: “Internet Protocol (IP) Address”, kuma dasu ne kwamfuta ke iya ganowa da iya mu’amala da wata kwamfuta ‘yar uwarta.  Duk inda kaga ana aiwatar da sadawar tsakanin na’urori da hanyoyin sadarwa na zamani – da Intanet ko babu Intanet – to, ta hanyar waxannan lambobi ne.  Lambobi ne kebantattu na musamman, waxanda babu kamarsu; kamar lambar wayar salula ne.  Yadda ka san kowane xan adam ke da lambar wayarsa ta musamman da ta kebance shi, to, haka kwamfutoci ke da waxannan lambobi.  Babu kwamfutoci biyu masu lambar IP iri xaya.   Da waxannan lambobi ne kowace kwamfuta ke gane wata kwamfuta ‘yar uwarta.  Kamar yadda ka fada, lambobi ne dake rukuni hudu, kamar haka, misali: 192.168.50.1.

Da zarar kwamfuta ta nemi wasu bayanai daga wata kwamfuta, za ta gabatar da lambobinta ne ga xayan kwamfutar.  Da zarar wancan kwamfutar ta karbi gaisuwarta, ta kuma gane ta, za ta aiko mata saqon karvar gaisuwa.  Nan take sai kwamfutar farko ta sake aika buqatarta na neman bayanai.  Xayan kwamfutar na karvar wancan buqata, sai ta duba ta kuma yi nazarinsu.  Idan taga sun dace, sai ta aiko saqon cewa lallai ta saqo kuma ta fahimta.  Sai kwamfutar farko ta aika saqon cewa to, tunda kin fahimci saqo na, yanzu a shirye nake wajen karvan jawabinki.  Xayar kwamfutar na ganin haka, sai nan take ta miko bayanan da ake buqata.  Da zarar saqon ya iso, sai kwamfutar farko ta karva, ta kuma aika jawabin cewa ta karbi saqo, ta kuma gode.  Sai ta rufe kafar sadarwarta nan take.  Ita ma xayar kwamfutar tana ganin haka, ta san sadarwa ya kare tsakaninta da kwamfutar farko, sai kawai ta rufe nata kafar sadarwar.  Wannan tsari shi ake kira: “The Three Way Handshake”.  Ba shi da bambanci da yadda suke aiwatar da sadarwa a tsakaninsu.

Wannan tsarin sadarwa na “IP Address” shi ne ke wakana tsakanin dukkan na’urorin sadarwa na zamani, a hanyoyin sadarwa na zamani.  Misali, tsakanin kwamfuta da kwamfuta, ko kwamfuta da wayar salula, ko wayar salula da kwamfuta, wayar salula da wayar salula, ko kwamfuta da talabijin na zamani, ko talabijin na zamani da kwamfuta da dai sauransu.  Duk wata na’ura ta sadarwa da kake gani a yanzu, an gina mata waxannan ka’idojin sadarwa da ake kira: “Networking Protocols”, waxanda su ne suke yassare aiwatar da sadarwa ta hanyar adireshin “IP”.  Bayan haka, igiyar sadarwar na iya zama mai dauke da waya ce.  Wannan tsari ne ake amfani dashi a gajeren zangon sadarwa, wato: “Local Area Network” (LAN).  Duk ofishin da kaje kaga kwamfutoci a kowane office, kuma masu amfani dasu na aiwatar da sadarwa a tsakaninsu, to suna amfani ne da wannan tsari na LAN.  Kuma shi ake kira: “Wired Connection”, harshen gama-gari.  Domin kwamfutocin suna jone ne da junansu ta hanyar wayar sadarwa da ake kira: “RJ45”.

Xayan tsarin sadarwar shi ne wanda ake aiwatar dashi ta hanyar wayar-iska.  Wannan tsari shi ake kira: “Wireless Connection”, kuma shi ne tsarin dake sadarwar dake tsakanin wayoyin salula da kamfanonin sadarwar wayar salula.  Misali, kamfanin zasu baka katin SIM ne kadai, sai ka sayi wayar salula ka dora a kai.  Kana xorawa, nan take wayarka za ta aiwatar da sadarwa da kamfanin MTN, don baka damar yin kira ko karvar kira daga wasu.  Shi wannan tsari ana iya yinsa tsakanin ofishi da wani ofishi dake gari xaya. Ko tsakanin wani gari da wani gari.  Ko tsakanin wata kasa da wata kasa.

Waxannan, a taqaicen taqaitawa, su ne bayanai kan tsarin sadarwa ta hanyar “IP Address”, a cikin harshe mafi sauqin fahimta.  Da fatan ka gamsu.