Kimiyya da Fasaha a Ƙasashen Musulmi (9)

Kamar makonnin baya, za mu ci gaba da fassarar maqalar Farfesa Jim Al-Khalili, wanda qwararre ne a fannin Nazarin Kimiyyar Fiziyar Nukiliya (Theoretical Nuclear Physics) a Jami’ar Surrey dake qasar Burtaniya.  Mai fassara shi ne Malam Muddassir S. Abdullahi, kamar yadda bayani ya gabata a makonnin baya.  Wannan shi ne kashi na qarshe.  Muna godiya matuqa da gudummawar da Malam ya bamu. A sha karatu lafiya.

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Waiwaye Adon Tafiya

Shekaru 1,500 tsakanin tsohuwar Daular Girkawa da suka ba da gudunmowar ilimi a fannin falsafa, da lokacin da aka samu juyin-juya-hali a vangaren binciken kimiyya da fasaha da sauran ilimai da wayewa a yankin Turai (European Renaissance), masana sun haqiqance cewa ba a tava samun wani lokaci da likkafar cigaba a fagen kimiyya da fasaha tayi gaba ba, kuma sauran fannonin ilimai suka yawaita suka yaxu ba kamar yadda aka samu a cibiyoyin ilimi da suka mamaye garuruwan Musulmai da ake kira da Medieval Islamic Empire. Waxannan garuruwa sun haxa da Baghdad dake qasar Iraq, da Cairo, wato Alqahirah dake qasar Misra, da Cordoba dake qasar Andalus, da Samarqanda ko Samarkand.  Sauran sun haxa da su Madrid, da Seville, da Toledo, da Qayrawan, da Istanbul, da Iskandariyya (Alexandria), da Damascus, da Maragha, da Ray, da Hamadan, da Isfahan, da Bukhara, da Naisabur (Nisaphur), da kuma Tashkent.

Alal misali, a birnin Baghdad ne aka fara samar da littafi na farko a vangaren ilimin lissafi da ake kira da Aljabru (Algebra), mai suna: ‘Kitab al-Jebr,’ wanda daga nan ne ma aka ciro kalmar “Algebra” kamar yadda muke da ita yanzu a harshen turanci.  Wannan aikin dake cikin wannan littafin ba a tava samar da shigensa bare kuma irinsa. Kuma har ila yau dai, a nan birnin Baghdad xin ne aka samar da wani sauyin yanayi (Paradigm Shift) kan aikin babban mashahurin masanin lissafin vangaren tsarin lambobi (Number theory) na daular Girka da ake kira da Diophantus. Shi wannan littafi na ‘Kitab al-Jebr,’ babban masanin lissafin nan ne da ya rayu a qarni na 9 (9^th Century) mai suna al-Khawarizmi ya rubuta shi. Wannan littafin ne ya haifar da manya-manyan cigaba da bunqasa vangarori masu yawa a fannin lissafi, wato, Mathematics. Har wa yau dai, a vangaren ilimin lissafin dai, an samu qasurgumin mashahurin masanin lissafin nan da ya rayu a qarni na 15 (15^th Century), a wani yanki da ake kira da Samarkand dake a Daular Persia, wato Iran a yanzu, da ake kira da al-Kashi. Babban abin ban sha’awa da ta’ajibi ga qarfin saninsa a fannin lissafi shi ne yadda har ya iya gano da lissafa qa’idar lissafin nan ta Pi (π), wacce ake lissafin da’ira (Circle), daidai lambobi 16 bayan xigon (mai son qarin bayani na iya duba littattafan lissafi ko makamancin haka).

Wannan duka sun faru ne kafin Yankin Nahiyar Turai ya farga har yayi fice a fannin ilimin lissafin a karo na biyu. Halifan Daular Musulunci na lokacin mai suna al-Ma’amun, saboda tsananin kishinsa ga ilimi da cigabansa har gina wata katafariyar cibiyar bincike da fassara ya yi a Baghdad a lokacin, wacce ake kira da Baitul Hikmah, (House of Wisdom), a harshen Turanci. Har ila yau, ya kuma gina tare da kafa cibiyoyin binciken nazarin sararin samaniya  (Observatories) a yankunan Baghdad da kuma Damascus. Bai tsaya nan ba, ya xauki nauyin manya-manyan binciken kimiyya da fasaha da sauran qere-qere a zamaninsa da suka inganta tare da haqqaqe ayyukan masana kimiyyar sararin samaniya (Astronomy), da kuma na masana kimiyyar qasa (Geography) na qasar Girka da makamancin haka, irin su Ptolemy, waxanda Musulmai, da Kiristoci, da Yahudawa masana da dukkaninsu ke aiki tare waje guda a Baitul Hikmah ta Baghdad, suka fassara daga yaren Girka zuwa Larabci.

Cigaba da zurfafa binciken da aka ringa yi a fagen ilimin likitanci (Medicine), da na ilimin sassan jikin xan adam (Anatomy), ne silar da har ta kai aka samu littattafan ilimi a vangaren likitanci cikin Larabci kamar irin ayyukan su al-Razi (Razes), da na su Ibn Sina (Aviccena) suka maye gurbin ayyukan masana likitanci na dauri na Daular Girkawa kamar su Galen da kuma Hippocrates a faxin xakunan karatu dake a yankin Turai a wancan lokacin. Haka nan, ayyukan da su Ibn Sina da Ibn Rushd (Averroes) suka gudanar a vangaren ilimin falsafa ne ya haifar da samun manya-manyan masana a yankin Turai a wannan lokacin, kamar su Roger Bacon, da kuma St Thomas Acquinas. Babban masanin ilimin likitanci kuma likita daga yankin Cordoba ta Andalus da ake kira da al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis) ya qirqiro kayan aikin tiyata (Surgical instruments), sama da guda 200 – da yawa daga cikin su har yanzu ana amfani da su a asibitoci wajen tiyata, kamar su Forceps da Surgical Syringe. 

Har ila yau dai, a wannan lokacin ne aka samu bayyanar fannin ilimin sinadarai don kere-kere (Industrial Chemistry), wanda ya ginu a kan hanyoyin nazarin bincike da haqqaqe abubuwa ta amfani da ma’aunan kimiyya masu zurfi (Sophisticated Scientific Methods), da aka inganta da gyatta hanyoyin da ake amfani dasu ga wani ilimi da ake amfani da shi a samar da zinare, ta amfani da wasu hatimai da sauran qa’idojin ilimi masu tsauri (Alchemy). Har wa yau dai, a wannan lokaci ne vangaren ilimin sana’anta gilas ko kyamara ko tabarau ko gani ko idanuwa, da ake kira da optics, ya bunqasa sanadiyyar gudunmowar da masana fagen na lokacin kamar su Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) wanda duniya ba ta tava ganin aiki irin wannan ba sai da babban masanin kimiyyar fiziyya xin nan da lissafi na qasar Ingila da ake kira da Newton ya zo (a shekarar 1643, tazararsa da Ibn al-Haytham kusan shekaru 700 ne. Tirqashi!). Sai da yaren Larabci ya shafe sama da shekaru sama da 5,000 shi ne yaren ilimin kimiyya da fasaha a duk faxin duniya, har ta kai ana yi ma sa kirari da International Language of Science.