Fasahar “Digital Currency”: Nau’ukan Kudaden “Crypto” (1)

Nau’ukan Kudaden “Cryptocurrency”

Kamar yadda bayani ya gabata a baya, wannan makala tamu kacokam dinta kan nau’in kudin “Cryptocurrency” ne, wato nau’in kudaden Intanet da ake samar dasu ta amfani da ka’idojin lissafi wajen aikawa, da karbarsa, da aiwatar da cinikayya a tsakanin masu ta’ammali dashi.  Shi ma dai nau’i ne na “Digital Currency” saboda ta hanyar na’urar sadarwa da Intanet kadai ake iya samar dashi da tasarrafi dashi wajen cinikayya.  Wannan nau’in kudi dai yana da nau’uka kusan guda uku a karkashinsa.  Sanin wadannan nau’uka zai taimaka wa mai karatu fahimtar yadda tsarin kudade suke, da fahimtar bayanan da za a iya yi masa nan kan yadda ake hada-hada dasu.  A takaice dai, ba za ka zama dan kauye bai dan ana zance kan wadannan nau’ukan kudade.

Nau’in farko na “Cryptocurrency” shi ne “Bitcoin”, wanda shi ne yafi shahara.  A tare da cewa “Bitcoin” nau’i ne na kudi, sai dai kuma wani kammalallen tsari ne dake dauke da hanyar hako kudi, da adana su, da sarrafa su, da aika su, da kuma karbarsu, ta hanyar gamammen tsari mai dauke da ma’adanar bayanai.  Wannan gamammen tsari dai shi ne ake kira: “Blockchain”.  Wannan shi ne nau’in kudi na farko daga cikin nau’ukan kudaden “Cryptocurrency”.

Nau’i na biyu su ake kira: “Alternative Coins”, ko “Altcoins” a gajarce.  Wadannan su kuma sun samo asali ne daga tsarin da Bitcoin ke gudanuwa a kai, wato: “Bitcoin Blockchain”, amma kuma sunayensu da yanayinsu ya sha bamban da Bitcoin.  Shi yasa ma ake kiransu da suna: “Alternative Coins”.  Ire-iren wadannan kudade sun kasu kashi biyu ne.  akwai wadanda suke da asali daga tsari da magudanar Bitcoin – irin su “Namecoin”, da “Litecoin”, da “Dogecoin”, da “Peercoin”, da kuma “Auroracoin” – sai kuma wadanda magudanarsu ta sha bamban da ta Bitcoin.  Wasu ne suka zauna suka kalli tsarin Bitcoin sai suka samar da makwafinsa amma ta amfani da wata fasaha da ta bamban da ta Bitcoin din.  Shahararru daga cikin wannan nau’i sun hada da “Ethereum” (wanda shi ne asali), da “Ripple”, da kuma “NEO”.

Nau’i na uku kuma su ake kira: “Token”.  Su kuma nau’in kudi ne da ake kirkirarsu don wakiltar kowace irin haja ce ta kasuwanci ko kudi a Intanet.  Ana amfani dasu har wa yau wajen kyauta, da tukuici irin wanda wasu gidajen yanar sadarwa ke bayarwa a Intanet.  Wasu kuma kan kirkiresu a matsayin kudade, wanda za a iya loda maka a taskar ajiyarka har ka cire kayi amfani dasu.  Kashi 80 cikin 100 na nau’in kudin “Digital Currency” dake Intanet, duk nau’in “Tokens” ne.  Saboda sun fi sauki wajen samarwa idan aka hada su da ‘yan uwansu irin su Bitcoin da sauransu.  Kuma shagunan sayar da kayayyaki a Intanet na amfani dasu sosai don kayatar da masu mu’amala dasu.

Misali, cikin watan Disamba na shekarar 2019 na sayi wani littafi a shafon Amazon dake Intanet a kasar Amurka.  Sai aka samu tsaiko wajen aiko littafin.  Da na tuntube su sai suka ce inyi hakuri, an samu matsala ne.  Sadda na sayi littafin a shafinsu, akwai guda daya a ajiye, amma kafin a aika ma’ajiyar littafin don basu odar aiko min, ashe tuni wani ya saya.  Shi yasa nan take suka umarni kamfanin madaba’ar littafin da ya buga musu kwafi guda da za su aiko mini.  Suka ce inyi hakuri kan wannan jinkiri, sannan sun bani dalar Amurka 5 a cikin katina dake shafin nasu, don in sayi duk abin da naga damar saya dashi.  Wannan kyautar kwantar da hankali ce don jinkirin da suka yi.  Kuma nau’i ne na kudin “Token”.  Domin ba asalin kudi suka bani wanda zan iya cirowa in kashe ba.  A a. dama ce na wani adadin kudi da zan iya amfani dashi in sayi kaya a shagonsu, maimakon amfani da kudi na.

Bayan takaitaccen bayani kan rukunin wadannan kudade, a yanzu ga takaitattun bayanai nan daya-bayan-daya, kan shahararru daga cikinsu:

Bitcoin

Wannan shi ne “Cryptocurrency” na farko da aka fara kirkira.  Wanda ya samar da wannan nau’in kudi dai wani bawan Allah ne da har yanzu ba a san hakikaninsa ba.  Sunan da yayi amfani dashi sadda ya rubuta makalar da ta samar wannan fasaha dai shi ne: Satoshi Nakamoto.  Wanda wannan yasa wasu ke ganin kamar dan asalin kasar Jafan ne.  Amma bayan shekara daya da samar da wannan fasaha da kuma gina ta, sai aka neme shi sama ko kasa aka rasa.  A cikin makalarsa mai take: “Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System”, Nakamoto ya yi bayani a fayyace, ta amfani da ka’idojin lissafi (mathematical algorithm) da fasahar sadarwa na zamani, yadda za a iya samar da tsarin da wannan fasaha ta Blockchain za ta taimaka wajen hako kwandalolin bitcoin (Mining), da adana su, da taskance su, da kuma aikawa dasu ko aiwatar da cinikayya a wannan dandali.  Fasahar na amfani ne da ka’idojin tantance bayanai guda biyu masu suna: “Proof of Work” (PoW) da kuma “Proof of Stake” (PoS).  Da wadannan ka’idoji ake hako kudin, da kuma tantance masu hakowa.

Bitcoin shi ne nau’in kudin Intanet mafi tsada a halin yanzu.  Domin farashin kwandala guda a yau (Mayu 5, 2021) ya kai dalar Amurka dubu hamsin da takwas da dari bakwai da goma sha tara ($58,719.40).  Wajen naira miliyan ashirin da hudu kenan kudin Najeriya.  Tambarin kwandalar bitcoin wajen hada-hadar kudi dai shi ne: “BTC” ko “XBT”.  Kuma an gina wannan fasaha ne da yaren gina manhajar kwamfuta mai suna: “C++” (C Plus Plus).  A yanzu dai Bitcoin ne mafi tsada daga cikin kwamdolin dake Intanet.