Tsari Da Gudanuwar Na’urar “Black Box” (1)

Mabudin Kunnuwa

Watanni tara da ‘yan kwanaki bayan bacewar jirgin fasinjan kasar Malesiya mai suna: “Airline MH370,” wanda yayi bacewar dabo bayan tashinsa daga kasar, sai kwatsam aka samu labarin bacewar wani jirgin fasinja na kasar Indonisiya mai suna: “Airline QZ8501,” na kamfanin AirAsia, a farkon wannan mako da muke ciki.  Jirgin dai ya tashi ne ranar Lahadi, 28 ga watan Disamba 2014, daga kasar Indonisiya inda ya doshi kasar Singafo, dauke da fasinjoji 162, har da matuka da masu yi wa fasinja hidima (Flight Crew).  Kafin bacewarsa daga na’urar lura da jirage na filin saukan jirgin sama a birnin Surabaya dake kasar, matukin jirgin ya nemi cibiyar dake lura da tafiyarsa a kasa cewa su bashi dama ya kara haurawa sama, saboda akwai hazo mai kaurin gaske a titin da yake bi.

Kafin ya samu amsa daga gare su, nan take sai aka daina ganinsa gaba daya daga sararin samaniya.  Daga baya jami’an dake lura da tafiyarsa sun nuna cewa an samu jinkirin bashi daman kara haurawa sama ne saboda akwai jirage wajen guda shida na fasinja da suke saman hazon da yake kokarin haurawa samansa don samun sarari.  To amma kafin a bashi umarni kuma sai aka daina ganinsa ma gaba daya daga na’urar dake lura da tafiyarsa.  Allah Buwayi gagara misali!

Har zuwa wannan lokaci da nake rubutu dai ba a gano ko buraguzan jirgin ba, balle a san a wani hali fasinjan suke ciki.  Da yawa cikin mutane suna ta tambayar meye dalilin da yasa har yanzu ba a iya gane halin da jirgin yake ciki, alhali yana dauke da na’urar “Black Box?”  Shin, inji masu wannan tambaya, ba ance wannan na’ura ita ce layar jirgi ba?

A wannan mako mun gudanar da bincike ne kan wannan na’ura mai suna: “Black Box”; za mu ji tarihi da asalin wannan na’ura, da bangarorinta, da yadda take aiki, sannan a karshe mu ji, wai shin, me yasa ake kiran wannan na’ura da suna: “Black Box?”  Don launin na’urar ne, ko kuma akwai wani dalili ne da yasa ake mata lakabi da wannan suna?  Kuma a ina take like a jikin jirgi? Me yasa da zarar jirgi ya fadi a wuri, har aka gano inda ya fadi, bayan kokarin ceto rayuwan fasinjan dake cikinsa, abu na biyu da ake hankoron yi shi ne neman inda na’urar “Black Box” take?  Wani mahimmanci ne wannan na’ura take dauke dashi da a kullum aka samu matsala dole sai an nemo ta?

“Black Box,” Me Ye Sunanki?

Sunan da ya shahara a bakunan mutane a dukkan nahiyoyin duniya na wannan na’ura dai shi ne: “Black Box,” amma a ilimance ba sunanta ba kenan.  To amma da farko ma dai tukun, mece ce na’urar “Black Box?”  Black Box dai wata na’urar lantarki ce da ake kafewa a cikin jirgin sama, wacce ke taskance bayanai (na murya, da sauti, da kara, da siginar rediyo) dake cikin jirgin, don sawwake binciken dalilan hadari da abubuwan dake faruwa da jirage idan bukata ta taso.

Kamar yadda bayani ya gabata a ma’anar wannan na’ura, manyan ayyukanta dai sune taskance bayanai da duk wani umarni da ake aikewa ga na’urorin dake cikin jirgin; lokacin tashi, da lokacin tafiya a sararin samaniya, da kuma lokacin sauka.  Sai kuma taskance duk wani sako na murya tsakanin matukin jirgin da jami’an dake lura da tashi da saukarsa daga wannan filin saukan jirage zuwa wancan, da kuma taskance sautin inji ko nau’rorin dake cikin jirgin, ko duk wata kara ko fashewa dake iya kasancewa a cikin jirgin a yayin da jirgin yake tafiya (yayin tashi ne ko yayin tafiya a sararin samaniya ko lokacin sauka).

Sabanin shahararren sunan da aka saba kiran wannan na’ura dashi, wato: “Black Box,” sunan wannan na’ura dai shi ne: “Flight Recorder” (FD) ko “Flight Data Recorder” (FDR), ko “Accident Data Recorder” (ADR).  Kowanne daga cikin wadannan sunaye ana ambaton na’urar da shi. A wasu kasashe akan kira ta da “Flight Recorder,” kamar kasar Amurka misali.  A wasu kasashe a kira ta da “Flight Data Recorder,” kamar kasar Ingila ko Burtaniya da Ostiraliya, misali.

Wannan na’ura dai nau’i biyu ce.  Akwai wacce ke aikin taskance sauti da kara da siginar rediyo dake kai-komo a cikin jirgi, yayin tafiyarsa.  Wannan na’ura ita ce ake kira: “Flight Data Recorder” (FDR), kai tsaye, a zamanin baya.  Sai nau’i na biyu wadda ke aikin taskance muryar matukin jirgi, da irin tattaunawa da yake yi da wadanda ke bashi umarni wajen tashi ko sauka ko halin tafiyarsa a sama, misali.  Ita kuma ana kiranta da suna: “Cockpit Voice Recorder” (CVR), ko “Cockpit Sound Recorder” (CSR).  A farkon lamari kowanne daga cikinsu daban yake; ma’ana kowane jirgi ana lika masa wadannan nau’ukan na’urori ne guda biyu; na farkon a can karshen wutsiyar jirgin, na biyun kuma a dakin matukin jirgin, wato “Cockpit.”  Amma a halin yanzu an hade wadannan na’urori guda biyu zuwa na’ura kwaya daya, mai aiwatar da dukkan ayyukan da bayanansu zai zo nan gaba.

Ba wai jiragen sama kadai ba, a halin yanzu akwai ire-iren wadannan na’urori (duk da cewa ayyukansu da tsarinsu sun sha bamban da na “Black Box”) da ake likawa a jikin motoci (musamman manyan motoci) da jiragen kasa.  Wadanda ake likawa a jikin motoci su ake kira: “Event Data Recorder” (EDR), wadanda ake likawa a jikin jiragen kasa kuma ana kiransu: “Train Event Recorder” (TER).  Duk da cewa tsarinsu da kintsinsu sun sha bamban, babbar manufar samar dasu dai daya ce; taskance bayanai don samun damar tantance hakikanin abin da ya haddasa hadari ko wata matsala da ababen hawa suke samu.

Duk da cewa mai karatu zai so jin yadda wadannan na’urori suke aiki, da yadda ake tace bayanan da suka taskance kafin faruwar matsala ko hadari, sai dai zai dace ya san yadda aka yi wadannan na’urori suka samo asali tukuna. Domin wannan ne zai sawwake masa fahimtar tsarin aikinsu, da ma dalilin da yasa ake kiran wannan na’ura da: “Black Box” maimakon “Flight Data Recorder,” misali.

Tarihin Asalin Na’urar “Black Box”

Kamar sauran na’urorin sadarwa na zamanin yau ne, babu wani mutum guda daya tilo wanda za a jingina masa mallakar wannan na’ura ta “Black Box” a matsayin wanda ya samar da ita.  Domin abin da tarihi ya hakaito mana shi ne, wannan na’ura ta samo asali ne daga kasashe guda 5; kasar Faransa, da kasar Burtaniya, da kasar Ostraliya, da kasar Finland, sai kasar Amurka.  Wani abin mamaki shi ne, kusan a lokaci daya abin yayi ta kasancewa.  Wannan na aikinsa a kasarsa, wancan na aikinsa a kasarsa; ba tare da sanin abin da dan uwansa ke yi ba.  Za mu dauki tarihin ta la’akari da kasashe ne, maimakon la’akari da shekarar samarwa.

Zan ci gaba mako mai zuwa.