Matsaloli Da Hanyoyin Inganta Tsarin “Cashless” A Najeriya (1)

Matsalar Yanayin Sadarwa

Daga cikin manyan matsalolin da sauyin fasalin takardun kuɗi ya haifar akwai cushewar yanayin sadarwa na bankuna, ba na kamfanin sadarwar wayar salula ba.  Abin nufi, sau tari za a aika kuɗi, sai a cire ma wanda ya aika, amma kuɗin ya kasa isa ga wanda aka aika masa.  Kuɗin kan maƙale ne a ɗayan wurare biyu ko uku.  Wuri na farko shi ne asalin bankin da aka aika kuɗin daga cikinsa. Idan manhajar aika kuɗi na bankin na fuskantar matsala sanadiyyar tsaiko a zangon sadarwarsa, wannan zai sa ka aika kuɗi ko dai ta amfani da manhajar bankin, ko ta hanyar ATM, a cire maka daga taskar ajiyarka, amma kuɗin su kasa fita zuwa bankin wanda ka aika masa ko taskarsa, idan banki ɗaya kuke ajiya dashi.

Wuri na biyu da kuɗin ke maƙalewa shi ne banki mai karɓan kuɗin da aka aika.  Misali, kana amfani da bankin Jaiz, sai ka aika kuɗi ga wanda ke ajiya da bankin GTB, sai aka cire maka daga taskarka, amma kuɗin basu isa gare shi ba, alhali kai ba matsala a bankinka. Akwai yiwuwar kuɗaɗen sun maƙale ne a can, saboda matsalar sadarwa da bankinsa ke fuskanta.  Sai wuri na uku da kuɗi zai iya maƙalewa, shi ne wajen musayar kuɗaɗe tsakanin bankuna, wato abin da ake kira: “Clearing”.  Hakan na faruwa ne a Kamfanin Dillancin Hada-hadar Kuɗi Tsakanin Bankuna, wato: “Nigeria InterBank Settlement System” (NIBSS), ko kamfanin “Interswitch” (ga wanda yayi amfani da na’urar ATM wajen aika kuɗin) idan akwai matsala su ma a yanayin sadarwarsu.  Abin da zai nuna hakan kuwa shi ne, kuɗin zai bar taskar ajiyarka daga bankinka, amma kuma bai isa ga taskar ajiyar wanda ka aika masa ba; ko ya je bankinsa za a ce masa kuɗin bai iso ba.  A yanayi irin wannan, bankinka ne kaɗai zai iya gane ina ne kuɗin yake.  Amma sai ka kai masa ƙorafi zai bincika kuma ya warware maka matsalar ta hanyar dawo maka da kuɗinka.

Matsalar Wutar Lantarki

Ƙaranci da rashin ingancin wutar lantarki ya taimaka wajen haddasa tsadar rayuwa a Najeriya.  Daga cikin abin da farashinsa ya haura cikin tsare-tsaren aiwatar da “Cashless” akwai caji da bankunan kasuwanci ke ɗirka wa masu ajiya dasu ko amfani da na’urorinsu wajen aikawa da karɓan kuɗaɗe ko saye da sayarwa.  Shagunan sayar da kayayyaki masu amfani da na’urar POS, da dillalan bankuna masu amfani da na’urar POS (Super Agents), da su kansu bankunan kasuwanci duk suna la’akari da kuɗaɗen da suke kashewa wajen makamashin lantarki ta janareto sanadiyyar rashin ingancin wutar lantarki na hukumar PHCN ta ƙasa.  Wannan cikas ne ga tsarin “Cashless”.

Ƙarancin Wayar da Kai

Kamar yadda na bayyana a makon jiya, da yawa cikin mutane basu gama fahimta da sanin tsare-tsaren da bankin CBN ya tanada ƙarsƙashin wannan tsari na “Cashless” ba, tun daga lokacin da aka ƙaddamar dashi a shekarar 2012.  Musamman a ƙauyuka mutane sun jahilci wannan tsari. Tabbas bankin CBN ya kashe maƙudan kuɗaɗe, tare da tilasta wa bankunan kasuwanci wajen samar da hanyoyin sauƙaƙe ma’amala da bankuna da hanyoyin aikawa da karɓan kuɗaɗe, sai dai tasirin hakan bai game ko ina da kowa ba.  Waɗanda suka fi amfana da waɗannan tsare-tsare, kafin sauyin fasalin takardun kuɗi su ne galibin ‘yan boko dake manyan birane, waɗanda su kuma daman can sun saba ta’ammali da bankuna.  Mafi yawan ‘yan Najeriya har yanzu basu gama fahimtar wannan tsari na “Cashless” ba.  Wasu ma sun ɗauka hanya ce ta ƙuntata wa jama’a da hana su isa ga kuɗaɗensu a lokacin da suke buƙata.

Ƙarancin Masu Ajiya a Bankuna

Sama da rabin ‘yan Najeriya har yanzu ba su da taskar ajiya a banki.  Wannan na cikin manyan ƙalubalen da bankin CBN, ta haɗin gwiwa da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki a tsarin hada-hadar kuɗi a Najeriya, suke ta ƙoƙarin shawo kansa.  Daga shekarar 2017 zuwa 2023 dai an samu ci gaba, inda kashi 65 cikin 100 na matasan Najeriya suka samu shiga cikin harkokin banki ta hanyoyi daban-daban.  Amma har yanzu da sauran rina a kaba.  Domin idan ana buƙatar cin nasara wajen aiwatar da wannan tsari na “Cashless”, dole ne a ƙalla kashi 70 cikin ɗari na ‘yan Najeriya ya zama suna ta’ammali da harkokin banki a yanayi daban-daban kamar yadda bankin CBN ya tanada.  Wannan matsalar ma ta fi girma a ƙauyuka musamman na arewacin Najeriya.  Galibin masu kasuwanci a manyan kasuwannin dake ƙauyukan jihohin arewa musamman, da tsabar takardun kuɗi suke yi.  Wasu ma ba su da taskar ajiya a banki.

Ƙarancin Bankuna a Ƙauyuka

Idan a manyan birane ana samun ƙarancin bankuna, to me za a ce a ƙauyuka?  Galibin bankunan Najeriya, musamman GTBank, ba su da rassa isassu a manyan biranen ƙasar nan, balle cikin ƙauyuka.  A tare da cewa salonsa wajen gudanar da harkar banki ya sha banban da na sauran bankuna – yana rinjayar da amfani da hanyoyi da na’urorin sadarwa na zamani ne wajen aiwatar da hada-hadar kuɗi.  A taƙaice dai, kashi 65 cikin 100 na ƙauyukan Najeriya babu bankuna ko na’urar ATM.