Tsarin Fasahar Faifan DVD (1)

Matashiya

Makonni uku da suka gabata muka fara gabatar da bayanai tiryan-tiryan kan tsarin ma’adanar bayanai, daga na dauri zuwa waxanda muke amfani dasu a wannan zamani da muke rayuwa a cikinsa.  A babin matashiya, mun gabatar da bayani kan hanyoyin da xan adam ya biyo a baya wajen taskance bayanai a tsarin da ya samu kansa a ciki; da irin ci gaban da ya samu daga baya – daga haddace abubuwa zuwa rubutu da karatu.  Mai karatu ya qara ji har wa yau, sadda xan adam ya fara dogaro da ci gaban qere-qere wajen adana bayanansa.  Kashi na biyu ya leqa xakin tarihi ne, inda na naqalto mana tarihi da asalin faifan tangaraho, da faifan CD, wanda a harshen turance ake kira: “Compact Disc.”  A kashi na uku mai karatu ya ci karo ne da bayanai dalla-dalla kan kimiyya da fasahar da suke qunshe cikin faifan CD, da falle-falle da aka sarqafe wuri xaya don inganta tsarin zubawa da sarrafa bayanai cikin sauki.

A halin yanzu za mu ci gaba, inda za mu tavo fasaha ta gaba, wato: Faifan DVD.

Faifan DVD

Haruffan “DVD” na ishara ne ga kalmar: “Digital Versatile Disc”.  Fasaha ce ta taskancewa da kuma sarrafa bayanai nau’uka daban-daban, ta hanyar hasken lantarki nau’in leza (Laser Light), wanda ke xauke cikin faifan gasasshen roba.  Wannan suna na “DVD” shi ne sunan da kwamitin samar da wannan fasaha ya bashi, a farkon lamari, ba tare da tantance hakikanin abin da haruffan ke nufi ba.  Wannan ya jawo savanin ma’anoni da lafuzza tsakanin kamfanonin da ke da alhakin qera waxannan faya-fayai da ake son fitarwa a lokacin.  Kamfanin Toshiba yace ma’anar lafuzzar DVD a wajensa ita ce: “Digital Video Disc”.  Abin da wannan ke nufi shi ne – idan aka yi la’akari da wannan ma’ana – kamfanin na nuna cewa an samar da wannan fasaha ne kawai don fa’idar taskancewa da kuma sarrafa bidiyo zalla.

Wannan yasa sauran kamfanonin qera kwamfutoci a lokacin suka ce basu yarda da wannan suna mai xauke da wannan ma’ana ba.  Domin su ma suna da ruwa da tsaki wajen qerawa da kuma yaxa wannan fasaha, tunda kwamfutocin da suke qerawa suna xauke da na’urar dake sarrafa faifan DVD, kamar yadda suke xauke da na’urar sarrafa CD a baya.  Don haka, a cewarsu, dole ne ayi amfani da kalmar “Digital Versatile Disc”, wato: “Fasahar dake iya taskancewa da sarrafa nau’ukan bayanai daban-daban na zamani, mai juriya da qwazo wajen adana su da kuma miqo su, a duk sadda aka buqace su.”  Daga qarshe dai, dole kamfanin Toshiba ya haqura, ya koma amfani da haruffan DVD mai ma’anar: “Digital Versatile Disc”.

Abin da wannan ke nufi shi ne, faifan DVD ma’adana ce wacce ake iya zuba bayanai nau’in rubutu (Text), da sauti (Audio), da daskararren hoto (Still Image/Picture), da hoto mai motsi, wato bidiyo (Video), da taswira (Map), da bayanan bayanai (Metadata), da kuma manhoji ko masarrafan kwamfuta (Applications/Programs).  Bayan an taskance su a ciki, sannan ana iya amfani da na’urar DVD (DVD Player ko DVD-ROM da DVD-RW dake kwamfuta), wajen sarrafa waxannan bayanai, cikin sauqi.  Bayan iya xaukan kowane nau’in bayanai, faifan DVD na da mizani mai girma, fiye da mizanin faifan CD, wacce bayaninta ya gabata a baya.

To, laifin me kuma faifan CD tayi, da har aka mata kishiya a duniyar fasahar sadarwa na wancan zamani?

Asali da Samuwar Faifan DVD a Duniya

Faifan DVD ta samo asali ne a shekarar 1995, bayan dusashewar hasken faifan CD, kamar yadda bayani ya gabata a baya.  Duk da cewa faifan CD da ma DVD da aka samar duk suna amfani ne da hasken lantarki nau’in leza wajen taskance bayanai da kuma sarrafa su, idan aka jefa su cikin na’urar dake iya fahimtar yarensu, sai dai ba su bane farkon fasahar da aka fara amfani dasu wajen aiwatar da wannan tsari na ta’ammali da bayanai.

Fasahar taskance bayanan bidiyo, musamman, ta amfani da hasken lantarki (wanda ba nau’in leza ba) ya samo asali ne a shekarar 1958, inda wasu bayin Allah masana harkar qere-qere da sadarwa irin na wancan zamanin suka samar da wata fasaha mai iya taskance saqonnin bidiyo ta hanyar hasken lantarki.  Waxannan bayin Allah dai su ne: Mista David Paul Gregg da abokinsa Mista James Russel.  Hukumar lura da fasahar qere-qere ta qasar Amurka ta basu rajistar wannan fasaha ne (Patent) a shekarar 1961.  Wanda wannan ne ya tabbatar musu da cikakken haqqin mallaka kan wannan fasaha.

Ana shiga shekarar 1978 kuma sai fasaha makamanciyar wancan, mai suna: “LaserDisc” ta bayyana a birnin Georgia ta jihar Atlanta dake qasar Amurkan dai, har wa yau.  Wannan fasaha dai faifai ce, irin wacce muka yi bayaninta kuma muke kan yi a yanzu, amma wannan tana da girma sosai.  A taqaice dai faifai ne.  Sai dai fasahar bata shahara ba a dukkan qasashen duniya, kamar yadda fasahar Faifan CD ta shahara.  Wannan ya faru ne sanadiyyar xan karen tsada da take dashi a wancan lokaci; ba kowa ke iya mallakar fasahar ba.  Har wannan sabuwar fasaha ta gama zamaninta, qasashen Jafan, da Koriya ta Kudu, da qasashen Turai, da Hong Kong, da Singafo, da Malesiya da kuma lardin Taiwan ne kaxai suka yi ta’ammali da ita.

Zuwa shekarar 1987 sai kamfanin Philips da Sony suka samar da fasahar faifan CD, kamar yadda bayani ya gabata a baya.  Wannan ita ce fasahar farko da aka qirqira a duniya, wacce ke iya taskance bayanai musamman na bidiyo, ta amfani da hasken lantarki nau’in leza.  Da tafiya tayi nisa, fasahar faifan CD ta fara ja baya saboda ci gaban zamani, wannan dalili na farko kenan.  Dalili na biyu shi ne, fasahar faifan CD ba ta xaukan bayanai mai yawa.  Duk bayanan basu wuce mizani biliyan 750 ba.  Wannan, ta la’akari da yanayin zamanin da ake ciki a lokaci, basu taka kara bai balle su karya.  Dalili na uku shi ne, fasahar faifan CD ba ta tsawon rayuwa; ba ta da qarko. Da zarar fuskar faifan ta samu matsala, na’urar ba ta iya karanto bayanan dake cikin faifan.

Waxannan dalilai suka sa a shekarar 1993 kamfanin Sony da Philips suka yi yunqurin samar da wata sabuwar fasaha wacce a tunaninsu ta zarce fasahar faifan CD qarko da qarin mizani sama da 750MB.  Sun samar da wata fasaha mai suna: “Multimedia Compact Disc” (MMCD), wato fasahar faifan CD mai iya xaukan kowane irin nau’in bayani da taskance shi.  Wannan a vangaren kamfanin Sony da Philips Kenan, waxanda daman tun a farko su ne masu xabbaqa fasahar ma’adanar bayanai da sadarwa a fannin bidiyo da sauti.

A dai wannan shekara har wa yau kuma sai ga wata fasahar sabuwa ful, mai suna: “Super Density” Disc, wato “SD” kenan a taqaice.  Waxanda suka samar da wannan fasaha dai kamfanoni ne guda 7, kuma su ne kamar haka:  Toshiba, da Time Warner, da Matsushita Electric, da Hitachi, da Mitsubishi Electric, da Pioneer, da Thomson da kuma JVC.  Waxannan dai kamfanoni ne na qere-qere a fannin lantarki da sadarwa.  Kuma ta la’akari da wancan sabuwar fasaha ta MMCD, akwai savabin tsari da yanayin taskance bayanai.  Wannan na nufin idan an fara qera faifan wannan fasaha za a samu matsala kenan.

Ana cikin haka sai haxakar kamfanonin kwamfuta guda biyar, a cikin watan Agusta na shekarar 1995, suka yi zuga don nuna rashin amincewarsu da wannan tsari bambarakwai, wai namiji da sunan Rakiya.  Waxannan kamfanoni dai su ne: kamfanin IBM, da kamfanin Apple, da kamfanin Compaq, da kamfanin Hewlette-Packard, sai kuma kamfanin kwamfuta na Microsoft.  Waxannan kamfanoni dai sun qi amincewa ne da savanin dake tsakanin waxancan fasahohi guda biyu, kuma suka ce dole ne a hade tsarin wadannan fasahohi guda biyu don samun tsari bai-xaya.  Wannan gungu na kamfanonin kwamfuta dai sun naxa shugaban kamfanin IBM ne don jagorantar wannan kwamiti don tabbatar da samuwar biyan buqatarsu.  Kuma cikin dacewar Allah, nan take aka samu amincewar kowane vangare; aka tabbatar da kundin fasahar DVD mai xauke da tsari xaya, da taskancewa da kuma sarrafa bayanai ta hanyar dukkan na’urorin da za a qera don aiwatar da hakan.