Fasahar “Digital Currency”: Tarihin Hada-Hadar Kudi a Zamunnan Baya (2)

Kalubalen Tsarin Banki

Amma bayan shekaru kusan dari biyu da aka kwashe ana amfani da wannan tsari na banki, duk da cewa ana ta inganta tsarin ne idan muka yi la’akari da yadda ya faro a farko, akwai kalubale da dama dake addabar tsarin.  Na farko dai, kasancewar kudaden da ake bugawa wadanda su ne ake amfani dasu, karuwarsu da raguwarsu na haddasa hauhawan farashin kayayyaki ne.  Kuma hakan ke jawo faduwar darajarsu warwas.  Wannan shi ake kira “Inflation”.  Na biyu, komai za a yi karkashin wannan tsari sai ya bi ta bankin kasuwanci, wadanda su kuma babban bankin kasar ke lura dasu.  Sannan duk sadda za ka aika wasu kudade ko ka karba ko za ka sayi wata haja ko za a saya daga gareka, dole ne akwai caji kala-kala da bankuna ke cirewa, da wanda hukuma ke cirewa na haraji da dai sauransu.  Na uku, ana zargin tsarin da rashin tsaro; domin wani na iya sace bayanan taskar ajiyarka, ko katinka na banki (ATM), cikin dare sai kaji kudade na fita daga taskar, ana sanar dakai ta hanyar sakon tes.  Na hudu, akwai hanyoyi da hukumomin gwamnati ke iya tsinkayar duk abin da kake yi a taskar ajiyarka; nawa ka zuba?  Nawa ka cire?  Nawa ya rage?  Wa ka aika wa kudade?  Wa ya aiko maka?  Yaushe ka bude taskar ajiyar? Duk wadannan bayanai na hannun hukuma.  A yau idan tana son rufe taskar ajiyarka, nan take za ta rufe.  Sannan, mafi girman kalubale da wannan tsari ke dauke dashi shi ne, kudaden takardu ba su da tabbas, domin farashinsu na sauka kuma yana hawa.

Sannan tsarin banki irin na yau, daga farko har karshensa, an gina shi akan tsarin buga kudade ta hanyar rubanya adadin lissafin abin da babu shi.  Wannan shi ake kira: “Fractional Reserve Banking System”.  Misali, idan ka ajiye naira miliyan daya a taskar ajiyarka, bankinka na da damar ya bayar da kashi 90 cikin 100 na kudin a matsayin bashi ga duk wanda yazo nema, sai a rage kashi 10 kacal.  Idan kazo karba ko da bayan sa’a daya ne, za a dauki na wani a baka.  Tunda daman tsarin an gina shi ne a kan lamuni.  To, irin wannan tsari na rubanya adadin kudi yana cikin dalilan da suka haddasa manyan matsalolin tabarbarewar tattalin arziki a duniya; musamman wanda ya faru a shekarar 1930, da wanda ya faru a shekarar 1998 a nahiyar Asiya, da kuma wanda ya game duniya a shekarar 2007-2009, wanda har yanzu wasu kasashe basu gama farfadowa daga mummunar tasirinsa ba.

Ta la’akari da wadancan kalubale da na zayyana a sama ne yasa wasu suka fara tunanin samar da wani nau’i na kudi wanda a hankali zai maye gurbin wanda muke dashi a yanzu, wajen tsari, da mahalli, da kila, da kuma nau’i.  Wannan shi ne ya kawo mu maudu’in makalarmu, wato ta’ammali da kudade ko hada-hadar kudade ta hanyar hanyoyi da na’urorin sadarwa na zamani.

Tsarin “Financial Technology” (FinTech)

Wannan fanni na hada-hadar kudade dai, bayan wasu lokuta da basu shige shekaru 30 ba ko sama da haka kadan, ya fara fuskantar yunkuri kawo sauyi ne don kawar da mafi shaharar kalubalen da ke tattare dashi.  Musamman abin da ya shafi abin da masu yunkurin suka kira: “rashin ‘yanci” wajen tasarrafin kudi, da matsalar jinkiri wajen biyan kudi da karban haja, da yawan caji da bankuna ke cirewa, da jinkiri wajen cire kudi ko adana su a banki, da dai sauran matsaloli.  Wannan ya haddasa yunkurin hada alaka da zumunci mai karfi tsakanin ci gaban da ake samu a fannin kimiyya da fasahar sadarwa na zamani wato: “Information Technology”, da kuma fannin hada-hadar kudade, wato: “Finance”.  Wannan kokari shi ya samar da abin da a yanzu ake kira: “Financial Technology” ko kuma “FinTech” a gajarce.  Wato tsarin amfani da kimiyya da fasahar sadarwa na zamani wajen hada-hadar kudi.”

Bankuna a kasashen turai sun fara bullo da tsarin katin bashi, wato: “Credit Card”, don baiwa mutane damar sayan kayayyaki ta hanyar daukan bashi daga bankin da suke ajiya dashi, ko da basu da ko sisi a taskar ajiyarsu.  Da sharadin suna da albashi ko wani kudin shiga dake shiga taskar a duk wata ko mako.  Wannan ya faro ne tun wajajen shekarar 1950s.  Daga nan aka bullo da katin ciran kudi daga banki, wato “ATM Card”, tare da na’urar ATM din. Da tafiya tayi nisa kuma sai aka samu gamammen tsarin musayar kudade tsakanin bankuna da cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudade a duniya mai amfani da tsarin na’urorin sadarwa.  Wannan shi ake kira: “Electronic Clearing System”.  Wannan tsarin ne ke taimaka wajen sassautawa da kuma rage jinkiri da ake samu a baya wajen aikawa da karban kudade tsakanin bankuna a duniya baki daya.  Kowace kasa na da nata tsari. Kasarmu Najeriya na amfani da kamfanin “Interswitch” ne, ta bangaren bankunan kasuwanci kenan.

A halin yanzu kuma, duk cikin yunkuri don samar da sauki wajen hada-hadar kudade, fanni kimiyyar sadarwa ya samar da manhajojin aikawa da karban kudade ta hanyar wayar salula, da kwamfuta, da shafukan Intanet, da hanyar amfani da lambobin aikawa da kudade ta wayar salula, wato: “USSD”.  Wannan tsari ya taimaka matuka wajen samar da gamewa wajen hada-hadar kudade, da saukin da ba a taba samun irinsa ba.  Sai dai saukin kuma yazo da nasa matsalar ne.  Domin matsalar tsaro da kuma rashin sirri ta bangaren hukuma na cikin abin da ke tsole wa wasu idanu.  Shi yasa daga shekarar 2009 aka kirkiro wata fasaha da ta taimaka wajen “hako” kudade ta amfani da kwamfuta da manhajar kwamfuta, da aikawa ko karban ire-iren wadannan kudade ta amfani da hanya mafi sirri da kariya a tsakanin mutane biyu.  Wannan fasaha mai dauke da wannan manhaja ita ake kira: “Blockchain”, ire-iren wadannan kudade kuma su ake kira: “Digital Currency.”