Fasahar “Digital Currency”: Ma’anar “Digital Currency”, da “Virtual Currency”, da “Cryptocurrency”

Tsarin “Digital Currency”, da “Virtual Currency” da “Cryptocurrency”

Bayan takaitattun bayanai na asali da tarihin hada-hadar kudade a zamunnan baya har zuwa wannan zamanin da muke ciki, da yadda aka ta samun sauye-sauye saboda ci gaban rayuwa dake zama sila wajen barin wani tsari don samar da wani, a yanzu za mu shiga cikin maudu’in makalarmu tsundum.  Za mu dubi ma’anar “Digital Currency”, da “Virtual Currency”, da kuma “Cryptocurrency”, tare da bayani kan alakar dake tsakaninsu, da bambance-bambancen dake tsakaninsu.  Sannan mu dubi asalinsu, da yadda suke samuwa, da wadanda ke da alhakin samar dasu, ko “hako” su, kamar yadda na fara ishara a makon jiya.  Idan da sauran lokaci, sai mu yi tsokaci kan fa’idoji ko illolin da samuwarsu ke dauke dasu a yanzu, sannan mu dubi abin da Malaman musulunci suka fada dangane da hukuncin mallaka ko amfani da ire-iren wadannan kudade.

Ma’anar “Digital Currency”

Kalmar “Digital Currency” dai tana dauke ne da kalmomi guda biyu.  Kalmar “Digital” siffa ce dake ishara ga tsarin sarrafa bayanai ta hanyar lambobi (sifiri da daya – 0 & 1) ta amfani da na’urar sadarwa ta zamani, irin su kwamfuta, da wayar salula da na’urar lissafi (Calculator) da duk wata na’ura dake iya sarrafa bayanai a wannan yanayi.  A daya bangaren kuma, Kalmar “Currency” na nufin kudi ne da ake iya amfani dashi wajen sayen abubuwa, ko kyauta, ko biyan bashi, ko biyan ladan aiki da dai sauransu.  Asali dai Kalmar “Currency: na ishara ne nau’in kudi na takarda, ko silalla, ko kwandala (kamar yadda Kanawa ke cewa), wanda ke da suna na musamman da hukumar wata al’umma ta bashi.  Abin da wannan ke nufi a zahirin lafazi kuwa shi ne, “Digital Currency” nau’i ne kudi da ke samuwa ta hanyar sarrafa bayanai a na’urorin sadarwa irin su kwamfuta da Intanet.

Amma a harshen sadarwa na zamani, “Digital Currency” shi ne duk wani irin kudi da ake iya samar dashi da adana shi, da sarrafa shi, da aika shi, da karbarsa, da aiwatar da cinikayyar saye da sayarwa dashi ta hanyar na’urorin sadarwa na zamani da kuma Intanet.  Ana amfani da wannan nau’in kudi wajen cinikayya a Intanet ne galibi. Sannan ana iya loda adadin kudin a katin ATM don baiwa masu su damar cinikayya a zahirin rayuwa.  A takaice dai, kudi ne da ba a iya ganinsu a zahiri.  Ma’ana ba zahirin takardar kudi bace ko kwandala kamar yadda muke dasu a rayuwar yau.  Amma duk da haka, suna dauke da galibin siffofin kudin da muke amfani dasu.  Kamar suna, da adadi, da kima wajen sayen kaya, da iya aikawa dasu ko karbarsu ta irin hanyar da ake aikawa da karbarsu, da kuma karbuwa tsakanin wani gungun a mutane da suka amince suyi ta’ammali da nau’in kudin.

Wannan shi ne gamammen nau’in kudi da aka samar ta hanyar Intanet, wanda a asali, ko dai ya zama wani banki ne na wata kasa ya samar dashi, wanda hukuma ke lura da tsarin samar dashi, da kayyade yawansa wajen mu’amala, ko kuma ya zama gungun mutane ne kawai suka amince a tsakaninsu wajen samar dashi da habbaka yawa ko adadinsa wajen ta’ammali a tsakaninsu.  Idan babban bankin wata kasa ce ya samar da shi, to, ana kiransa: “Central Bank Digital Currency” ko “CDBC” a gajarce.  A halin yanzu dai babu wata kasa da ta samar da irin wannan nau’in kudade, sai dai yunkuri da kasashe irin su Ingila, da Suwidin, da Uruguy, da Sin (China) suka yi wajen samar da nasu nau’in kudin don amfanin al’ummarsu.  Wasu masana kkuma kan fada ma’anar wannan kalma su shigar da duk wani adadi na kudaden jama’a dake ajiye a kwamfutocin bankunan da suke ajiya, wanda masu su ke iya amfani da manhajar kwamfuta ko na wayar salula, ko katin ATM, wajen cinikayya da ta’ammali a tsakaninsu ba tare da sun ciro asalin kudaden a Zahiri ba.  Idan muka dauki wannan fahimta sai muga ashe Kalmar ta kunshi abubuwa da dama da muke iya fahimtarsu yanzu.

Bayan Kalmar “Digital Currency”, ana kiran wannan nau’in kudi da “e-Cash”, ko “e-Money”, ko “Internet Money”, da dai sauran sunaye makantan hakan.  Duk don ishara ne ga yanayinsa, da siffarsa, da kuma tsarin mu’amalar da ake iya yi dashi.

Ma’anar “Virtual Currency”

A daya bangaren kuma, Kalmar “Virtual Currency” na ishara ne ga nau’in “Digital Currency”, wanda babu wata hukuma ko bankin wata kasa da ta samar dashi, ko take kayyade yaduwarsa wajen ta’ammali a tsakanin mutane.  Wannan nau’in kudi dai wani bangare ne na nau’in “Digital Currency” da bayaninsa ya gabata a sama.  Illa dai babu wata hukuma dake kayyade mu’amala dashi ne a tsakanin mutane.  Shi yasa, za ka samu kamfanoni ko gidajen yanar sadarwa ko wata al’umma dake rayuwa a Intanet sun samar da nau’in kudinsu, wanda suke ta’ammali dashi a tsakaninsu.  Ko dai ya zama wajen biyan wasu hajoji da suke son saya, ko ya zama ana amfani da kudin ne wajen biyansu wani aiki da suka gudanar a matsayin lada.

Ma’anar “Cryptocurrency”

Shi kuma “Cryptocurrency” nau’in kudi ne da ake amfani da ka’idojin lissafi wajen samar dashi, da aikawa dashi, da kuma karbarsa a tsakanin masu ta’ammali dashi.  Shi ma dai nau’i ne na “Digital Currency” saboda ta hanyar na’urar sadarwa da Intanet kadai ake iya samar dashi da tasarrafi dashi wajen cinikayya.  Amma ya sha bamban da “Digital Currency”, domin shi wasu gungun mutane ne ke samar dashi ba wata hukuma ta gwamnati ba.  Ta wannan fuska, za mu ga nau’insa daya ne da “Virtual Currency”.  Amma ta daya bangaren kuma, ya sha bamban da “Virtual Currency” wajen tsarin samar dashi ko “hako” shi, da kuma tsarin aikawa da karbarsa, da kuma tsarin sayar dashi ga masu bukata.  Daga cikin shaharrun kudaden dake wannan dabaka akwai “BitCoin”, da “LiteCoin”, da “Stable Coin”, da “Etherium” da dai sauransu.

Wannan shi ne takaitaccen bayani kan ma’anar wadannan nau’ukan kudade.