Sharhin Littafin “Kwamfuta”, Na Malam Salisu Hassan (Webmaster) (2)

Don fahimtar da mai karatu tsari da hanyoyin sadarwa tsakanin kwamfuta da sauran na’urori da kayayyakin sadarwa, marubucin ya kulla taken Babi na 7 da suna: “Communication Devices”.  A nan ne mai karatu zai ga ma’ana da nau’ukan hanyoyin sadarwa da kwamfuta ke xauke dasu, tare da tsarin musayar bayanai tsakanin kwamfuta da sauran kayayyakin sadarwa na zamani.  A wannan Babi ne har wa yau mai littafin yayi bayanin makatan tsarin sadarwa a kwamfuta, wanda ya haxa da: shigar da bayanai, da sarrafa bayanai, da fitar da bayanai, sai kuma adana bayanai.  Waxannan su ne asalin ayyukan kwamfuta, kuma waxannan matakai take amfani da mu’amala da sauran kayayyaki da na’urorin sadarwa a babin sadarwa.  Daga cikin abubuwa mahimmai da marubucin ya tabo a wannan Babi dai akwai hanyoyin sadarwa na zamani, irin su fasahar Imel, da fasahar Intanet, da hanyoyin aikawa da sauti ko amo ta hanyar igiyar wayar sadarwa (Wired Connection) da ta wayar-iska (Wireless).  Waxannan bayanai duk Malam ya yi su ne ta la’akari da na’urar sadarwa ta zahiri.

A Babi na 8 wanda shi ne babi na karshe a kashi na biyu na littafin, mawallafin littafin ya kawo bayani ne kan mahaxar sadarwa, wato: “Ports”, kamar yadda ya ambaci taken babin a farko.  Fahimtar wannan babi na buqatar misalai sosai.  “Port” mahaxa ce da kwamfuta ke amfani da ita wajen karvan bayanai rubutattu ko na sauti ko bidiyo.  Duk da cewa su ma vangarorin kwamfuta ne na zahiri, amma suna da lambobi da babbar manhajar kwamfuta ke amfani dasu wajen karvako mika bayanai ga mai amfani da kwamfuta.  Misali, idan kana son hawa Intanet, kwamfutarka na amfani da xayan hanyoyi biyu ne na zahiri; ko dai ta amfani da igiyar wayar sadarwa ko kuma ta amfani da tsarin sadarwa na wayar-iska. Da waxannan mahaxai ne take isar da buqatarta ga kwamfutar dake xauke da bayanan da kake buqata a wata jiha daban.  Da zarar sakon ya iso, babbar manhajar kwamfutarka kanyi amfani da lambar mahaxar sadarwa ta 80 (Port 80), wanda ita ce mahaxar da manhajar qa’idar sadarwar Intanet mai suna: “Hypertext Transfer Protocol – http” ke amfani dashi wajen karvada aika bayanai a tsarin sadarwa ta Intanet.  Idan vangaren fasahar Imel ne, akwai qa’idar sadarwa ta Imel mai suna “POP3” ko “SMTP” dake karvan sakonni ta mahaxa mai lamba ta 110 ko 25, misali.  Waxannan lambobi suna da alaka da wadancan mahaxar sadarwa, wanda mai karatu na iya ganin ramukansu a jikin akwatin kwamfuta in ta tebur ce (Desktop), ko a gefenta (in nau’in Laptop ce). Kyakkyawan karatun wannan babi zai ilimantar da mai karatu matuka kan falsafar sadarwa ta kwamfuta.

A vangaren karshen littafi, kamar yadda na lura, marubucin ya gina babuka guda uku ne, waxanda suka kunshi bayanai kan ruhin kwamfuta, wato manhaja ko masarrafan da take rayuwa a kansu kenan.  Daman manyan vangarorin kwamfuta guda biyu ne; vangaren farko shi ne gangar-jikin da muke gani kuma muke iya tabawa.  Vangare na biyu kuma shi ne ruhinta, wato vangaren da dan adam ba ya iya tabawa sai dai ya gansa a aikace.  Idan babu wannan vangare, kwamfuta ta zama kango Kenan.

Babi na 9 shi ne ke qunshe da mukaddima kan ma’ana da haqiqanin manhajar kwamfuta, wanda marubucin ya kira da suna: “Software”, kamar yadda ya ayyana sauran taken babukan da suka gabaceshi.  A wannan babi har wa yau, ya yi bayani kan tasirin wannan vangare na kwamfuta, tare bambance tsakanin manyan nau’ukan manhajar kwamfuta; “System Software”, da kuma “Application Software” don samun kyakkyawar fahimta ga mai karatu.  Ya kuma karashe ragowan babin ne da bayani kan ma’ana da nau’ukan “System Software”, wato: “Utility Software”, da “Operating System”, da kuma “Device Driver”.  A Babi na 10 kuma yaci gaba da bayani kan xayan nau’in manhajar kwamfuta, wato: “Application Software”.  Wannan shi ne nau’in manhajar kwamfuta da galibin jama’a suke amfani dashi a kwamfutoci ko wayoyinsu na salula ko wasu kayayyakin sadarwa na zamani.  Sai babi na karshe, wato Babi na 11, wanda ya kunshi bayani kan fasahar Intanet: ma’ana, da asali, da tarihi da kuma fa’idojin da fasahar Intanet ke xauke dasu.  Wannan shi ne babin karshe dake littafin.

Tsokaci da Ta’aliki

Wannan littafi ne mai girman gaske wanda marubucinsa bai yi kasa a gwiwa ba wajen taskance mahimman vangarorin ilimin da suka shafi kwamfuta musamman a wannan zamani da muke ciki.  Malamin ya yi amfani da salo uku ne mahimmai wajen karantar da mai karatu.  Salo na farko shi ne tsarin fayyace ma’anar kalma ko wata na’ura da yake bayani a kanta.  Wannan a bayyane yake ga duk wanda ya karanta wannan littafi.  Salo na biyu shi ne amfani da misalai, wajen bayanin wani tsari na gudanuwa ko samuwa ko sarrafa wani yanayi na sadarwa.  Su ma ire-iren waxannan misalai a warwatse suke cikin littafin birjik.  Sai salo na uku wanda ya kunshi amfani da tarihi wajen fahimtar da mai karatu asali da samuwar wata fasaha ko na’ura.

Don tabbatar da kyakkyawar fahimta a kwakwalwar mai karatu, mawallafin ya sanya hotuna na na’urori ko kayayyakin fasahar da yake bayani a kai, a dukkan inda buqatar hakan ta samu. Sannan ya yi amfani da jadawali (Table) mai tsawo wajen kawo kalmomi 500 na turanci masu alaka da ilimin kwamfuta, tare da bayanin ma’anarsu.