Mahimman Fasahohin da Suka Sauya Duniya Cikin Shekaru 175 da Suka Gabata (2)

Fasahar Intanet

Wannan fasaha ta samo asali ne a shekarar 1973, karkashin tsarin sadarwar bayanai na sojin kasar Amurka mai suna: “Advanced Research Projects Agency Network”, ko “ARPANET”, a gajarce.  Daga baya hukuma ta raba wannan tsari, inda aka cire bangaren ARPANET, ragowan kuma aka barshi a bude, don sadarwa tsakanin mutanen gari.  Hakan ya faru ne a shekarar 1990.  Wannan tsarin ne ya habaka, ya tunbatsa, ya game duniya a halin yanzu.  Kuma shi ake kira: “World Wide Web”, wato: “www”, ko giza-gizan sadarwa na duniya.  An tabbatar da cewa duniya bata taba samun ci gaba da bunkasa a dukkan harkokin rayuwa ba, irin ci gaban da ta samu cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata zuwa yau.  A halin yanzu akwai masu amfani da fasahar Intanet mutum biliyan 4 da rabi a duniyar yau.  Kuma kashi 92.6 daga cikinsu, duk suna amfani ne da wayar salula wajen hawa Intanet din.  Sanadiyyar haka, duniya ta game wajen sadarwa, da musayar bayanai, da kasuwanci, da ilimi, da fasaha, da kuma zamantakewa.

Fasahar Kyamarar Zamani

Sadda fasahar daukan hoto ta fara bayyana, ana amfani ne da hanyoyin daukan hoto irin na da, wato: “Mechanical Method”.  Amma daga shekarun 1990s aka fara samun nau’in na’urar daukan hoto na zamani, wato: “Digital Camera”.  Wannnan fasaha, kamar wadanda suka gabaceta, ta taimaka matuka wajen bunkasa fannin daukawa, da sarrafawa, da aikawa, da kuma karban hotuna; daskararru da masu motsi, wato bidiyo kenan.  Kamfanin Kodak ne ya fara samar da nau’in na’urar daukan hoto ta zamani a wajajen shekarun 1970s.  Amma bayan wasu lokuta sai suka bace, saboda karancin masu saye da amfani dasu.  Da aka sake bullo da wadannan nau’ukan kyamarori, sai aka samar da nau’uka daban-daban.  Shahararru daga cikinsu su ne nau’in “Digital Single Lens Reflex Camera”, ko “DSLR” a gajarce.  Kafin su, an samar da nau’in “Compact Digital Cameras” na daukan hotuna, da kuma “Camcorders”, wadanda ake amfani dasu wajen daukan bidiyo.   A yayin da nau’in DSLR ke kan gama yayinsu, an sake kirkirar nau’in kyamara mai inganci fiye dasu.  Wannan shi ne nau’in “Mirrorless Cameras”, wanda kusan dukkan kamfanonin kenan kyamra a duniyar yau suke rige-rigen kerawa da sayarwa.  Ya zuwa karshen shekarar 2021, an sayar da kyamara nau’in DSLR guda 823,462.  A yayin da aka sayar da nau’in Mirrorless guda 1,041,845 a duniya.  Manyan kamfanonin kera kyamarar zamani dai su ne: Canon, da Sony, da Nikon, da Fujifilm, da kuma Panasonic.  A halin yanzu an kiyasta akwai kyamarar zamani na daukan hoto sama da biliyan 1 a duniya.  Samuwarsu ya taimaka wajen habaka fannonin daukan hoto, da bidiyo, da fina-finai, da yada labaru musamman na talabijin da wajen taskance tarihi.

Manhajar Lilo a Intanet

Wannan ita ce manhajar da muke amfani da ita wajen hawa shafuka da gidajen yanar sadarwa na zamani a Intanet.  A harshen turanci ana kiranta da “Web Browser”, ko kuma “Browser” a gajarce.   Manhajar lilo ta asali da aka fara amfani da ita tun bayyanar Intanet dai ita ce “Gopher”, wacce ke budo shafukan zallar rubuta kadai, babu launi kuma babu hotuna a lokaci.  Daga baya, cikin shekarar 1994, sai Farfesan Tim Bernes-Lee, wani masanin kimiyya dan kasar Ingila, ya samar da ka’ida mu’amala da shafukan Intanet mai suna: “Hypert Transfer Protocol”, ko “HTTP” a gajarce.  Daga nan aka gina manhajar lilo mai suna: “Mosaic”, sai kuma “Netscape Navigator”, na kamfanin Netscape; wadanda su ne kamfanonin sadarwar farko a fannin Intanet.  Da tafiya tayi nisa sai hasken wadannan manhajoji ya fara dusashewa, sanadiyyar inganta hanyoyin mu’amala da bayanai ta amfani da wannan ka’ida ta HTTP.  Samuwar wannan fasaha ya taimaka matuka wajen inganta fasahar Intanet, da ma hanyoyin sadarwa na zamani gaba daya.  Domin bayan kwamfuta da ita ce asalin wajen amfani da wannan fasaha, a halin yanzu an samar da nau’in manhajar lilo a wayar salula da kusan dukkan na’urorin sadarwa na zamani.  Shahararrun manhajar lilo dai su ne: Chrome na kamfanin Google, da Safari na kamfanin Apple, da Edge na kamfanin Microsoft, da kuma Firefox na kamfanin Mozilla.

Kafafen Sada Zumunta

Wannan wani mahalli ne dake baiwa mutane damar aiwatar da sadarwa cikin sauki, a cikin yanayin da ke kama da zahirin rayuwa.  A hakikanin gaskiya, wannan fasaha ta samo asali ne a shekarar 2004, sadda aka samar da shafin Facebook.  Kafin nan, an samu wani yanayi mai kama da hakan, sadda kamfanin Yahoo da AOL da Excite suka samar da manhajojin hirar ga-ni-ga-ka, wato: “Instant Chat Application”, irin su Yahoo! messenger da sauransu.  Daga nan sai shafin MySpace ya bayyana, wanda ke kama da shafin Facebook a yau.  Amma daga karshe duk wadannan shafuka sun gushe, musamman bayan bayyanar wasu sababbin kafafen.  A halin yanzu akwai masu amfani da kafafen sada zumunta sama da biliyan 4 da rabi a duniya.  Kuma shahararrun kafafen sun hada da: Facebook, da Twitter, da Youtube, da LinkedIn, da Instagram, da Pintrest, da WhatsApp, da Weibo, da WeChat, da TikTok, da kuma SnapChat.

Fasahar Wayar Salula

Wannan na cikin fasaha mafi tasiri wajen sauya akalar duniya a zamanin yau.  Fasahar wayar salula ta samo asali ne shekaru kusan 70 da suka gabata.  Sai dai ta la’akari da tsarin wayar salula a yau, a iya cewa kamfanin Apple ne ya fara bude fagen samar da wayar salula irin ta zamani, wato: “Smartphone”.  Hakan ya faru ne a shekarar 2007, sadda ya kaddamar da wayar salula nau’in iPhone.  A tare da cewa kafin nan, kamfanin Nokia da Samsung sun riga shi shiga fagen.  Sai dai wayoyin da suke kerawa kafin lokacin, wayoyi ne da ba a iya dora musu manhajoji kamar na yau.  Sannan ba a iya aiwatar da sadarwa a irin salo da kintsin da ake yi a halin yanzu.  Domin galibinsu suna dauke ne da babbar manhajar wayar salula mai suna: “Symbian”, wanda a karshe ma kamfanin Nokia ya saye shi gaba daya.  Amma a shekarar 2007 da kamfanin Apple ya samar da iPhone, wayar tazo ne da cibiyar masarrafai, wato: “App Store”, inda za aje a nemo manhaja – na kyauta ko na sayarwa – don dora wa wayar kai tsaye.  Daga baya kamfanin Google ya sayi babbar manhajar wayar salula mai suna Android, inda yaci gaba da inganta ta, a karshe kuma ya rika bai wa kamfanonin wayar salula lasisi don su dora a kan wayarsu.  A halin yanzu dai, manyan manhajar wayar salula da duniya ke ji dasu su ne: babbar manhajar iOS na kamfanin Apple, da kuma Android, na kamfanin Google (ko Alphabet).  Ya zuwa karshen shekarar 2021, akwai wayoyin salula sama da biliyan 6 da ake amfani dasu a duniya.  Kasashen da suka fi yawan masu amfani da wayar salula a duniya su ne kasar Sin, mai mutane miliyan 911, da kasar Indiya, me mutane miliyan 439, da kasar Amurka mai mutane miliyan 270, da kasar Indonesiya mai mutane miliyan 160, da kasar Burazil mai mutane miliyan 109, sai kuma kasarmu Najeriya mai mutane miliyan 101.