Mahimman Abubuwan Ci Gaba a Fannin Kimiyya da Fasahar Sadarwa a Shekarar 2021 (1)

Kamar yadda nayi alkawari makonni biyu da suka gabata, daga yau za mu fara bita kan mahimman abubuwan ci gaba da suka faru ko aka samu a tsawon kwanakin shekarar 2021 da ta gabata.  Wannan nazari zai kara haskaka mana irin ci gaban da ake samu a duniya cikin wadannan fannoni na ilmi.  Kuma zai taimaka wajen bamu karuwar wayewa da fahimta kan duniyar da muke zama a ciki.  Kada in cika ku da surutu dai, ga wasu daga ciki nan:

An Gano Wasu Karin Duniyoyi (Exoplanets)

A cikin shekarar 2021 ne hukumar binciken sararin samaniya ta kasar Amurka wato: NASA, cikin yini guda, ta gano wasu karin duniyoyi guda 366 da a baya ba a taba tunanin sunan nan ba.  Wannan nau’ukan duniyoyi da hukumar ta kira da suna: “Exoplanets”, duniyoyi ne dake wajen sararin wannan duniya da muke rayuwa a ciki.  Kuma ta gano su ne cikin yunkurin da take yi na gano wasu wurare ko duniyoyin da wata rai ko abin halitta mai rai, za ta iya zama ciki, bayan wannan duniyar da muke rayuwa a cikinta.  Ya zuwa yanzu dai, an gano ire-iren wadannan kananan duniyoyi da suke wajen sararin samaniyarmu, sama da 4,000.  Hukumar NASA bata gushe ba wajen kokarin gano yanayin ire-iren wadannan duniyoyi, da yanayinsu, da abin da suka kunsa, da kuma ko dan adam zai iya rayuwa a wajen.

Manhajar Hasashen Ambaliyar Ruwa a Indiya

A cikin shekarar 2021 ne har wa yau kamfanin Alphabet, wato: “Google” kenan, ya samar da wata manhaja wacce aka gina ta da fasahar “Artificial Intelligence”, ko “AI” a gajarce, don hasashe da kuma gano wurare da lokacin aukuwar ambaliyar ruwa a kasar Indiya, don ceton rayuwa da rage hasarar dukiyoyi.  Wannan manhaja dai na amfani da fasahar AI ne, wacce ake loda mata bayanai da suka shafi yanayi, da bigiren tekuna da koguna, da kuma gulabun kasar Indiya ta amfani da manhajar “Google Map”.  Wadannan bayanai ne take sarrafawa, don yin hasashen ambaliya ta la’akari da tumbatsar wadannan koguna da tekuna, sannan ta cillo sakonnin tes ga mazauna wuraren da ake hasashen aukuwar ambaliyar, don gargadi garesu ko fadakarwa.  Ya zuwa karshen shekarar 2021, wannan manhaja ta aika sakonnin tes na fadakarwa sama da miliyan 100 ga mazauna ire-iren wadannan wurare.  Kuma ana sa ran samun raguwar hasarar rayuka da dukiyoyi da kashi 30 zuwa 50 cikin 100.  Kasar Indiya da kasar Sin dai na cikin kasashen da a duniya suke fama da ambaliyar ruwa sanadiyyar cika da tumbatsar koguna da tekunan dake makotaka da su.  Wannan yunkuri dai ya taimaka wa mutane miliyan 360 dake zaune tsakanin kasar Indiya da Bangladesh.

Manhajar Gano Cutar Sankara (Cancer)

Daga cikin ci gaba da aka samu a shekarar 2021 akwai binciken da ya samar da wata manhaja na musamman don gano dukkan nau’ukan cutar sankara (Cancer) daga hotunan bayanan gwajin sinadaran jikin mai cutar, cikin sauki.  Sakamakon wannan bincike, wanda wasu masana daga Cibiyar Binciken Kimiyya na kasar Indiya (Indian Institute of Technology – IIT) suka fitar mai take: “A Generalized Deep Learning Framework for Whole‑Slide Image Segmentation and Analysis”, an wallafa shi ne a mujallar “Nature”.  An kuma gina wannan manhaja ne da fasahar “Deep Learning”, wanda bangare ne na fasahar AI.  Aikinta shi ne tantance yanayi da tsarin hotunan dake dauke da sakamakon binciken yanayin jikin mai jinya, da rarraba shi, tare da ayyana wanda ke dauke da nau’in cutar ko rashin hakan, cikin sauki.

Wannan ci gaba ne ba karami ba, wajen yunkurin da duniya ke yi don sawwake hanyoyin gano cutar sankara da maganceta.  Mafi tsauri daga cikin matakan da ake bi wajen yin hakan shi ne nazarin tarin hotunan dake dauke da sakamakon binciken sinadaran mai jinya da aka dauka.  A halin yanzu ana amfani ne da wata hanya mai suna: “Whole Slide Imaging”, ko “WSI” a gajarce, wacce ta kunshi taskance hotunan gilasan dake dauke da wadannan sakamakon bincike, don yin nazarinsu daga baya.  Nazarin wadannan hotuna, duk da an dauke su ne ta amfani da hanyar daukan hotuna mai inganci, abu ne mai wahala.  Domin bayanan dake dauke a kansu suna da tarin yawa, kuma galibinsu lambobi ne masu tsaurin fahimta.  Kuma ta hanyar fahimtarsu ne ake iya gano nau’in cutar da girmanta da kuma muni ko rashin muninta a jikin mai jinya.  Sai kwatsam ga wannan sabon sakamakon bincike wanda cikin sauki yake iya tantance bayanan dake dauke a kan wadannan hotuna, tare da rarrabe su, da kuma bayyana nau’in cutar da bayanin sakamakon binciken ke tabbatarwa.

Dukkan wannan ke nuna tasirin ci gaban kimiyya da fasahar sadarwa wajen warware matsaloli da kalubalen dake fuskantar dan adam a duniya.