Mahimman Abubuwan Ci Gaba a Fannin Kimiyya da Fasahar Sadarwa a Shekarar 2021 (2)

Alakar Kwakwalwa da Kwamfuta (BCI)

Cikin nasarorin da aka samu a shekarar 2021 a fannin kimiyyar alaka tsakakin kwakwalwa da kwamfuta ko na’urorin sadarwa, akwai sabuwar hanyar amfani da kwamfuta wajen taimaka wa masu shanyewar jiki iya motsa jikinsu.  Wannan fanni, wanda ake wa lakabi da “Brain Computer Interface” ko “BCI” a gajarce, fanni ne dake amfani da na’urorin sadarwa na zamani (musamman kwamfuta), wajen karba da sarrafa siginar bayanai dake fitowa daga kwakwalwar masu fama da rashin lafiyan da ba su iya motsa jikinsu, musamman masu shanyewar jiki, don basu damar yin hakan cikin sauki.

A baya akan dora masu ire-iren wadannan lalura ne kan kujera mai dauke da wayoyin sadarwa wadanda ke karban sigina daga kwakwalwar mara lafiya, don aika wa kwamfutar, ta sarrafa sannan ta bashi damar motsa jikinsa ko aikata abin da yake ta hanyar fahimtar tunaninsa.  Ci gaban da aka samu yanzu shi ne, bayan gwaji na tsawon lokaci a shekarar 2021 an samar da hanyar sadarwa ta amfani da wayar-iska (Wireless connection), don baiwa kwamfuta damar karba da sarrafa siginar bayanai dake fitowa daga kwakwalwar mara lafiya.  A wani gwaji da aka gabatar wanda ya kunshi marasa lafiya dake fama da shanyewar bangaren jiki da a Turanci ake kira: “Tetraplegia”, anyi amfani da wannan sabuwar fasaha dake aiki da tsarin sadarwa na wayar-iska (Wireless connection), don karba da sarrafa bayanan tunani dake kwakwalen marasa lafiyan, kuma nan take tsarin yayi aiki, inda ya ba su damar motsa yatsunsu, da matsa alama a shafin wayar salula, da kuma iya rubutu kai tsaye.  Wannan nasara dai, a takaice, zai taimaka wajen bai wa masu irin wannan lalura damar yin zirga-zirga a kan keken da suke kai, ba tare da zama wuri daya don keken na jone da wayoyi na zahiri ba.

Rigakafin Cutar Maleriya

Daga cikin ci gaba da aka samu a fannin kimiyyar lafiya a shekarar 2021, akwai rigakafin cutar cizon sauro, wato Maleriya kenan.  Tun bayyanar wannan cuta shekaru 100 da suka gabata, sai yanzu aka samu nasarar samun rigakafin cizon sauro a duniya, kuma hakan ya samu ne a shekarar 2021, cikin watan Oktoba.  A takaice dai, wannan shi ne rigakafin farko da aka taba samu mai alaka da kwayar cutar dake haddasa wannan lalura.  Hukumar Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya, wato: “World Health Organization” ko “WHO” a gajarce, ta tabbatar da wannan nasara, inda ta bayyana cewa bayan samar da wannan rigakafi, an yi wa yara miliyan biyu da rabi (2.5m) ‘yan kasa da shekaru 5 gwaji a kasashen Afirka guda uku, don tabbatar da nasara da ingancinsa a shekarun dake tafe.  Wadannan kasashe su ne: kasar Ghana, da Malawi, da kuma Kenya.  Bayan gwajin, an tabbatar da cewa akwai alamun za a samu nasara sosai wajen amfani da allurar rigakafi wajen takaita kamuwa da cutar, da kuma rage adadin masu mutuwa sanadiyyar wannan cuta mai hadari.  Ana sa ran samuwar wannan rigakafi na cizon sauri, muddin an tsara shi yadda ya kamata tsakanin kasashen da cutar ta zama annoba, zai taimaka wajen kare yara miliyan biyar da dubu dari uku (5.3m) daga kamuwa da Maleriya, sannan zai rage adadin yara ‘yan kasa da shekaru 5 masu mutuwa sanadiyyar wannan cuta da mutum 24,000.

Inganta Fasahar AI

Fasahar “Artificial Intelligence” ko “AI” a gajarce, ta samu karin tagomashi a shekarar da ta gabata, inda masana suka kara yunkurin inganta wannan fasaha don warware matsalolin dan adam a duniya.  Kamar yadda masu karatu suka karanta a baya, fasahar AI dai tsari ne da ake amfani dashi wajen tsofa dabi’un dan adam a na’urori da hanyoyin sadarwa na zamani.  Ma’ana, yadda dan adam ke iya hankalta, yayi tunani, da Magana, da gani, da ji, da lissafi, duk nan gaba ana sa ran na’urorin sadarwa ma za su zama hakan, don sawwake hanyoyin tafiyar da rayuwa.  Ya zuwa shekararar da ta gabata, na’urorin sadarwar dake dauke da wannan fasaha kan iya karanta rubutu ne, da fahimtar sakon dake ciki, don daukan mataki kan abin da sakon ke dauke dashi.  Amma babu alaka tsakanin abin da take “gani” ko “ji”, da abin da take tunani, kai tsaye.  Hakan ke sa duk dadewar na’ura da kwarewarta wajen warware wata matsala da ta fahimta ta hanyar bayanan da aka nado mata, iya yin hakan a wani mahalli daban, saboda karancin kuzarin kwakwalwa.  Wannan shi ne abin da masana ke kokarin hadewa, don samar da wani “gamammen tunani” da zai bai wa na’urar sadarwa damar yanke hukunci ta la’akari da da abin da ta tattaro daga wadannan kafafen daukan bayanai.

A shekarar 2021 masana sun fara wannan yunkuri, inda suka fara aiki wajen hade alaka tsakanin tsarin tunani dake kwakwalwar kwamfuta ko na’urar sadarwa, wanda ake kira: “Neural Network”, da abubuwan da kwamfuta ke iya “gani”, wato: “Computer Vision”, da bayanan sauti da take iya ji, wato: “Audio Recognition”, sai kuma iya Magana don isar da sakon abin da ta tattaro na bayanai, ta hanyar sauti, wato: “Natural Language Processing” (NLP).  Kamar yadda dan adam zai tarkato bayanai ta hanyar gani, da ji, da tunani, sannan ya isar da sako ta hanyar Magana ko furuci, mai dauke da hukuncin da ya yake, haka ake son na’urorin sadarwa su kasance nan gaba.  Wannan ne zai sa su rika iya yanke hukunci kan bayanan da suka nada, a kowane yanayi ne, ba wai a yanayi iri daya ba, kamar yadda yake yanzu.  An kuma kididdige wannan ci gaba a matsayin wata nasara da za ta bude kafar bunkasa tsarin sadarwa da aiwatar da rayuwa cikin sauki, ta amfani da na’urori da hanyoyin fasahar sadarwa na zamani.