Fasahar 5G: Marhalolin Tsarin Sadarwar Wayar Salula (2)

Marhala ta Biyu (2^nd Generation, ko “2G”)

Da aka shiga shekarar 1991 sai aka samu sauyin tsarin sadarwa; daga tsarin Analog, wanda ke juya murya ko sautin mai kira ko amsa waya zuwa yanayin haske kafin ya isar, zuwa tsarin Digital – wato tsarin sadar da kira na zamani – wanda ke sarrafa murya ko sautin mai kira zuwa lambobin sifiri (“0”) da daya (“1”).  Wannan tsari ya sha bamban da wanda ya gabace shi, domin yana dauke ne da ma’adanar taskance bayanai (Memory), wacce ke taskance wadannan lambobi da na’urorin ke sarrafa su daga muryar mutane, kafin aikawa dasu zuwa tashar da mai karban kiran yake, don sadarwa. Da zarar ka kira abokinka kun fara Magana, sai na’urorin da ke tashar sadarwar kamfanin da kake amfani da layinsu su fara aikinsu; ta hanyar sarrafa muryoyinku daga murya ko sauti, zuwa lambar “sifiri” da “daya”, a tsakaninsu.

Bayan ingancin sarrafawa da sadar da sauti da yake dauke dashi, wannan tsari ya bayar da damar aikawa da kuma karbar sakonnin tes a tsakanin mutane.

Tsarin sarrafa murya zuwa lambobi ko Digital, yana dauke ne shi ma da nasa tsare-tsaren da aka dabbaka su a duniya, fiye da tsarin baya.  Kuma ma, kamar yadda mai karatu zai gani nan gaba, da su ake ta amfani har zuwa yau.  Tsarin farko dai shi ne tsarin TDMA, wanda aka fi sani da “Global System of Mobile Communications”, ko GSM, a gajarce.  Wannan tsari na GSM ya fara aiki ne a kasar Finland cikin shekarar 1991, inda ya samar da damar aikawa da kuma karbar sakonnin tes. Kuma har zuwa karshen wannan marhala, shi ne sauran kasashen duniya suka yi amfani dashi, in ka kebe kasar Amurka.

Bayan shi kuma sai tsarin CDMA, wanda kasar Amurka ce kadai ta kebanta dashi.  Wannan tsari na CDMA asalinsa daga tsarin Advanced Mobile Phone Service ne wanda kamfanin AT&T ya fara amfani dashi a tsarin Analog, amma da aka shiga shekarar 1990, sai ya sauya zuwa tsarin Digital, kamar yadda bayani ya gabata.  A takaice dai, wadannan su ne manyan tsare-tsaren da ke karkashin wannan sabon tsarin sadarwa na Digital a wannan zamani.  Kafin wannan marhala ta tike a shekarar 1999, an dada samun tagomashi wajen yanayin sadarwa gaba daya.

Marhala ta Uku (3^rd Generation, ko “3G”)

Bayan gushewar marhala ta biyu, ana shiga shekarar 2000 sai Hukumar Habaka Harkar Sadarwa ta Duniya, wato International Telecommunication Union (ITU), ta fitar da wasu sababbin hanyoyin sadarwa na wayar salula da ta sanya wa suna “International Mobile Telecommunications-2000”, ko kuma “IMT-2000” a gajarce.  Wannan sabuwar hanyar sadarwa ta wayar salula da ITU ta bullo da ita dai, ayarin ka’idojin sadarwa ne da ke sawwake yanayin kira da sadar dashi, da aikawa da sakonnin tes (SMS), tsarin kira ta hanyar bidiyo (Video Call), da kuma tsarin GPRS da dai sauransu.  Bayan haka, karkashin wannan tsari, na’urorin sadarwa na iya aikawa da sakonni nau’uka dabam-daban a lokaci daya.

Misali, wayar salularka na iya karbar sakon tes, a lokacin da kake amsa kira ko magana da wani a wayar.  A takaice dai an samu nau’ukan hanyoyin sadarwa da dama, da kuma ingancin kayayyakin sadarwar; inda kamfanonin kera wayoyin salula da harkar sadarwa suka yawaita, aka kuma samu na’ukansu da yawa.

Kamar sauran marhalolin baya, wannan marhala ma ta zo da nata tsare-tsaren sadarwa, duk da cewa a baya an samu wasu daga ciki.  Misali, an samu ingantacciyar tsarin GSM mai suna “GSM EDGE”, da ingantacciyar tsarin CDMA da kasar Amurka ke amfani dashi, mai suna “CDMS 2000”.  Sai kuma tsarin DECT, da kuma WiMAX.  Dukkan wadannan tsare-tsare ne na hanyar sadarwa a tsarin hanyar sadarwa ta zamani nau’in Digital.  Wadannan su ne nau’ukan tsarin sadarwar da ake kira “3^rd Generation Cellular Network”.

Marhala ta Hudu (4^th Generation”, ko “4G”)

Ana shiga shekarar 2009 sai wata sabuwar marhala kuma ta kunno kai.  Wannan marhala kuwa ita ce marhala ta 4, wato: “4G” kenan ko “4^th Generation Cellular Network.”  Wannan marhala dai tana dauke ne da kare-kare masu inganci a bangaren sadarwa, fiye da na marhala ta 3, wato: “3G” kenan.  Bayan isar da murya mai inganta ta wayar salula, da sakonnin tes, da hotuna masu launi, da bidiyo, an samu kebantaccen tsarin sadarwar wayar salula ta Intanet, wato: “Mobile Web Access”, da tsarin sadarwar tarho ta Intanet, wato: “Internet Telephony” ko “VoIP”.  Daga cikin ci gaba har wa yau, wannan marhala ta zo dauke da hanyar mu’amala da manhajar wasan kwamfuta ta Intanet mai inganci, da tsarin isar da shirye-shiryen talabijin ta wayar salula mai dauke da Intanet, da tsarin aiwatar da tarurruka ta hanyar bidiyo da Intanet.

A karshe, akwai tsarin ma’adanar bayanai na tafi-da-gidanka, wato: “Cloud Computing”.  Wannan tsari na karshe yana tasiri matuka.  Domin sabanin yadda aka saba adana bayanai a kwamfuta a gidaje da ofisoshi, yanzu kamfanonin sadarwar kwamfuta da intanet ne kea dana galibin bayanan mutane da kamfanoni da sauransu.  Ta yadda duk ka tashi bukata, ko da wayarka ta lalace, da zarar ka canza wayar, siginar Intanet kawai za ka bukata sai ka dauko bayananka kai tsaye.

Wannan marhala dai, kamar yadda na sanar a farko, ta faro ne daga shekarar 2009 ko 2008, kuma zuwa 2019 aka fara bankwana da ita, saboda bayyanar marhala ta 5, wato: “5G”, wacce bayani kanta ke tafe a mako mai zuwa.

Aci gaba da kasancewa tare damu.