Fasahar 5G: Marhalolin Tsarin Sadarwar Wayar Salula (1)

Marhalolin Tsarin Sadarwar Wayar Salula

A makon jiya mun fara mukaddima kan sabuwar fasahar sadarwa mai suna “5G”, wadda ake kan samarwa a duniya baki daya. A wannan mako cikin dacewar Allah za mu yi bita ne kan marhalolin sadarwar wayar salula tun daga marhala ta “0” zuwa ta “4”. Idan masu karatu basu mance ba, musamman wadanda suka saba karatun wannan shafi mai albarka tun shekarar 2006 zuwa 2010, mun gabatar da bayanai masu gamsarwa cikin jerin makaloli masu babban taken: “Bayani Kan Wayar Salula”. Wadannan makaloli dai, wadanda muka kusan shafe shekaru 2 muna jero su, sun kai shafuka kusan 90 a dunkule. Kuma sun kunshi bayanai ne kan ma’ana da nau’ukan wayar salula, da kamfanonin kera wayar salula, da tsarin sadarwar wayar salula, da tsarin mu’amala da wayar salula da dai sauransu. Daga cikin bayanan da muka gabatar kuma suka shahara, akwai bayani kan zamunna ko “Marhalolin Sadarwar Wayar Salula”, wanda muka gabatar a shekarar 2010. Mun yi bagani daga marhala ta “0” zuwa marhala ta “4”. Kasancewar yanzu ana gab da shiga marhala ta “5” ne, zai dace muyi bitar sauran marhalolin da aka wuto baya, don bai wa masu karatun da basu ribaci wadancan makaloli da suka gabata tsakanin shekarar 2010 zuwa 2012 ba. Mai son karanta su dungurun dinsu, yana iya ziyartar Taskar Baban Sadik dake: https://babansadik.com/dunkulallun-kasidu/, sai ya saukar da makalar kai tsaye. A halin yanzu ga dan gajeren bita kan marhalolin da suka gabata.

Marhalar Asali da Samuwa (Zero Generation ko “0G”)

Wannan ita ce “marhala” ko “zamanin” da aka samar da wayar salula da kuma yanayin sadarwan da take amfani dashi don hada kira a tsakanin mutane ko al’umma. A wannan zamani ne har wa yau kamfanonin wayar salula irin su Motorola da Ericsson suka kirkiri nau’ukan wayoyin salula masu amfani da siginar rediyo don hada sadarwa a lokuta daban-daban. Bayan samuwar wadannan wayoyin salula, wani abin da ya dada inganta tsarin sadarwa a zamanin ko marhalar, shi ne binciken ilimi da aka samu daga masana ko injiniyoyin kasashen Amurka da Rasha da sauran kasashe.

A wannan zamani, tsarin sadarwa a tsakanin wayoyin salula ya ta’allaka ne da irin tsarin da kowace kasa ko kamfanin sadarwa ya zaba; babu wani tsari gamamme kamar yadda kasashen duniya ke dashi a yanzu. Tsarin da yafi shahara a wancan lokacin dai shi ne tsarin sadarwar kamfanin AT&T na kasar Amurka mai suna “Advanced Mobile Phone Service” (AMPS), wanda yayi amfani dashi daga shekarar 1971 har zuwa shekarar 1989. Sai kuma wanda kasar Finland ta samar mai suna “ARP”, cikin shekarar 1971. Kowanne daga cikin wadannan tsarin sadarwa na wayar salula na amfani ne da tsarin Analog don tantance bayanan da ake aika su daga waya zuwa waya.

Har wa yau, wannan tsari ya kumshi aikawa da karban sakonnnin murya ne kadai; babu rubutaccen sakon tes. Dukkan wannan kuma ya faru ne daga shekarar 1911 zuwa 1982. Wannan, a takaice, ita ce marhalar tubali a tarihin rayuwar wayar salula da tsarin sadarwa ta wayar iska.

Marhala ta Daya (1st Generation ko “1G”)

Bayan zamanin asali da samuwa, wanda ya tike a shekarar 1982 ko sama da haka kadan, sai tsarin sadarwar wayar salula ya tsallaka marhala ta biy, wato: First Generation (ko “1G”). Wannan zamani ya faro ne daga shekarar 1982 zuwa shekarar 1990, lokacin da aka samu canjin tsari. A cikin wannan zamani ko marhala, an yi amfani ne da tsarin tantance bayanai da ake kira “Analog”. Wannan shi ne tsarin da na’urorin tashar sadarwa ke sarrafa sauti ko muryar mai buga waya zuwa hasken lantarki, daga inda ya buga, ta kuma sadar da wannan haske zuwa tashar da mai amsa kiran yake, don saduwa da wanda ya bugo.
Wannan tsari na amfani ne da tashar rediyo (Radio Tower) da ke kadadar sadarwa don sauraron wayar dake neman wata lamba, da sadar wa mai kiran ta hanyar tashar sadarwa (Base Station) kai tsaye.

Wannan tsarin tantance muryar masu kira a yanayin hasken lantarki da ake kira Analog, ya bazu zuwa kasashen duniya da dama, a tsawon wannan zamani. Don haka aka samu tsare-tsaren yanayin sadarwa wajen guda bakwai da wasu kasashe suka yi amfani dasu. Wadannan tsare-tsare dai su ne: tsarin Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT), wanda ya yadu a kasashen Suwizalan, da Holand, da Kasashen Gabashin Turai, da kuma kasar Rasha. Sai tsarin Automatic Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) wanda kasashen Amurka da Ostiraliya suka dabbaka. Haka ma an samu tsarin Total Access Communication System (TACS), wanda kasar Burtaniya tayi amfani dashi. An samu tsarin C-450 a kasashen tsohuwar Jamus ta Yamma, da Potugal, da kuma kasar Afirka ta Kudu.

Akwai kuma tsarin Radiocom 2000 da kasar Faransa tayi amfani dashi. Sai kuma kasar Italiya da tayi amfani da tsarin RTMI. Kasar karshe da ta shiga sahun kasahen da suka ci moriyar tsarin sadarwa ta Analog ita ce kasar Jafan, inda aka samu tsare-tsare uku masu asali daya. Su ne: TZ-801, da TZ-802, da kuma TZ-803.

Bayan haka, wannan zamani bai ba da damar samar da yanayin aikawa da karbar sakonnin tes ba, sai murya kadai. Sannan kuma tsarin na tattare ne da saibi, da kuma yanayin sadarwa mara inganci, sanadiyyar rashin tsarin tace hayaniya da kwaramniyar da ke samuwa a wurin da mai kira ke yin kira ko amsa kira. Wannan yasa masana suka fara neman mafita daga wadannan matsaloli, kuma abin da ya haifar da samuwar Zamani na Biyu kenan, a rayuwar wayar salula.