Tsarin Sadarwar Wayar Salula (1)

Matashiya

Cikin kasidun baya idan mai karatu bai mance ba, a cikin shahararriyar kasidar Fasahar Intanet a Wayar Salula, mun kawo bayanai ne kan karikitan wayar salula ta zamani da kuma tsarin shiga shafukan yanar gizo ta hanyar wayar tafi-da-gidanka ta kamfanin Nokia, mai suna Nokia 6230i.  A yau kuma za mu yi nazari ne kan tsarin sadarwan da ke samuwa tsakanin wayar salula da ‘yar uwanta; yadda sako ke fita daga mabubbugansa, zuwa tashar da za a sadar dashi, har zuwa ga wanda aka aika masa, da kuma gwargwadon lokacin da wannan aiki zai dauka a samuwar yanayin sadarwa mai kyau (Stable Network). 

Sai dai kuma kafin nan, zai yi kyau mu yi ‘yar gajeriyar mukaddima kan tsarin sadarwa ta GSM; zuwan ta Nijeriya, bunkasa da yaduwarta, dalilan bunkasa, da kuma tasirin da hakan ya haifar a tsakanin al’ummar Nijeriya.  Wannan mukaddima ce za ta cinye kasidar wannan mako.  In yaso a mako mai zuwa sai mu yi Magana kan yadda tsarin take (a fasahance) da kuma hanyoyin da sako ke bi zuwa inda aka aika shi.

Bayyana da Yaduwar “GSM” a Nijeriya

Da farko dai, tsarin sadarwa (na bayanai ko sauti ko hotuna) ta wayar-iska, daga tashar aikawa zuwa tashar karba, shi ake nufi da Wireless Communications, a turance.  Wannan tsari na iya kasancewa ta anfani da kowane irin kayan fasahar sadarwa; daga wayar salula zuwa kwamfuta.  A wannan tsari na Wireless Communication, babu alaka ta zahiri tsakanin tashar da ke aikawa da sakon, da tashar da ke sadarwa a tsakani, da kuma tashar da ke karba a karshe.  A yayin da tsoffin wayoyin tangarahon gidajenmu ke bukatar dogayen wayoyin sadarwa nau’in Twisted Pair IJ11, daga babban tashar sadarwa zuwa gidajen mu don jona wannan waya da tangarohonmu kafin yin Magana da wanda muke son magana dashi, a tsarin Wireless Communication duk ba a bukatar haka.  Dukkan tsare-tsaren ana yinsu ne ta hanyar tashoshin da ke sadarwa, ba a bukatar wani dan aike bayananne a tsakani.

To wannan hanya ta Wireless Communication na da nau’uka da dama wadanda ko dai an yi amfani dasu a baya wajen aikawa da sakonni ta wayar iska, ko kuma ana ma amfani da su a yanzu haka.  Wadannan hanyoyi dai su ne:  Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), da Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM), da Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD), da Personal Digital Cellular (PDC), da Total Access Communication System (TACS), da Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT), da International Mobile Telephone Standard 2000 (ITMT-2000), sai kuma Universal Mobile Telecommunications Systems (UMTS).  Wadannan shahararru daga cikinsu kenan.  Amma wanda ya dame mu a duk cikinsu shi ne Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), wanda kuma shi ne muke amfani dashi a tsarin sadarwa ta wayar salula a Nijeriya yanzu.

Idan mai karatu bai mance ba, wannan tsari na fasahar GSM ya iso Nijeriya ne cikin shekarar 2000, lokacin da gwamnatin tarayya ta dauke hurumin da take dashi na killatuwa da hanyar sadarwa a kasar, ta kuma ba ‘yan kasuwa daman shigowa wannan harka.  Kamfanonin sadarwan da suka fara samun lasisi kuwa su ne na MTN da ECONET (wacce ta rikide zuwa Vmobile, zuwa Celtel a halin yanzu), da kuma Mtel, wacce mallakar gwamnatin tarayya ce.  Daidai bayyanar wannan hanya, an samu ci gaba wajen sadarwa fiye da baya.  To amma duk da sauyin yanayi da aka samu wacce ke dauke da sauki, an kuma lura da wasu matsaloli da suka shafi ko dai tsarin sadarwan ko kuma kamfanonin da ke lura da sadarwan.

Wasu daga cikinsu kuwa su ne: a yayin da za ka iya kiran kowace jiha da wayar tangarahonka ta Landline, a yanzu sadarwanka ta takaitu ne da wasu jihohi ko birane kadai; sai kuma matsalar rashin yanayin sadarwa mai inganci, wato Network Connection, wanda kusan dukkan kamfanonin ke fama da shi; sai ka yi ta neman abokin maganarka amma abin ya gagara, ko kuma kana cikin Magana dashi, sai alakar ta yanke.  Kai a wasu lokuta ma za ka kira lambarsa, amma sai a hada ka da wani layin daban.

Duk da cewa wasu cikin ire-iren wadannan matsaloli na nan har yanzu, da dama sun gushe a yanzu.  Sai kuma matsalar cajin da kamfanonin ke yi da zaran ka fara Magana da abokin maganarka.  Ana cikin haka sai ga kamfanin Glomobile (GLO) ta shigo harkar, da irin nata tsarin.  Wannan na cikin dalilan da suka kara taka ma sauran kamfanonin burki wajen dan Karen cajin da suke ma mutane kan farashin su.  Cikin kamfanonin da suka shigo har wa yau, akwai kamfanin Intercellular, wacce ke da tsarin sadarwa iri biyu; tsarin Fixed Wireless, wacce hanyar sadarwa ce ta wayar iska, amma ta amfani da wayoyin tangaraho masu na’urar Adaptor; sai kuma tsari na biyu, wanda ya kumshi tsarin sadarwa ta Mobile Phone, wato wayar salula kenan.

Daga nan kuma sai ga Starcom, da Multilinks, wadanda ke amfani da tsarin sadarwa irin na Intercellular.  Da farko sun takaitu ne da birane irin su Legas da Kano da Maiduguri.  Amma da wuri yayi wuri, sai ga su a Abuja da sauran birane irinsu Fatakwal da sauransu.  Ire-iren kamfanoni makamantan wadannan sun kusan dari ko fiye ma da haka; abin dayasa ba a sansu ba shi ne sun takaitu ne da wasu birane musamman dai irin su Legas da Fatakwal.  Cikin ‘yan kwanakin nan kuma sai ga kamfanin Reltel, ita ma a sukwane da nata tsarin.

Duk wadannan kamfanoni sun shigo Nijeriya ne cikin shekarun da basu kasa bakwai ba.  Zuwa wannan lokaci da nake wannan rubutu, Nijeriya na da layukan tarho da ke wannan tsarin sadarwa ta GSM sama da miliyan talatin da hudu (34,000,000).  Nan ba da dadewa ba, kamfanin Etisalat da ke kasar Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, wato United Arab Emirates (UAE), za ta fara bayar da layukan tarho ita ma a tsarin GSM in Allah Ya yarda.  Karuwan wadannan kamfanonin sadarwa ne zai sa a samu yanayin sadarwa mai kyau da kuma raguwar farashi.

Tasirin Yaduwar “GSM” a Nijeriya

Bayan jin bayani kan zuwa da kuma yaduwar wannan hanya ta sadarwa a wannan kasa tamu, yana da kyau mu san tasirin wannan yaduwa, da irin abin dahakan ya haifar.  Da farko dai, idan aka ce wani abu na da tasiri, ana nufin “wani canji ko sauyin yanayi ne da aka samu saboda samuwa ko tabbatar abin – sauyin na iya zama mai kyau ko mummuna.”  Don haka kada mai karatu yaji an ce tasiri, ya dauka kyawawan sauyi kawai ake nufi, a a, har ma da akasin su.  Wannan ita ce ka’idar duk wata tasiri da ka iya samuwa a kowane irin yanayi ne.

Sanin tasirin wannan fasaha ga rayuwarmu na da muhimmanci, don hakan zai taimaka mana wajen tsara hanyar mu’amalar da muke yi dashi, idan hanyar da muka dauka da farko ba mai kyau bace.  Amma kafin mu fara zayyana tasirin, ga wata ‘yar gajeruwar gabatarwa dangane da ka’idar tasirin sauyin manufa da yanayi, a harkar fasahar sadarwa ta zamani.  Wannan ka’ida kuwa ita ce: “The Killer Application Theory”, kuma ga abin datake nufi nan kasa.