eNaira: Ma’anarsa, da Fa’idojinsa, da Tsarin Gudanarwa (1)

Oktoba, 2019 – Washington DC

A cikin watan Oktoba na shekarar 2019, na ziyarci kasar Amurka don halartar taron shekara-shekara na masana harkar sabon tsarin hada-hadar kudade ta amfani da hanyoyin sadarwar zamani (Financial Technology – FinTech), wanda ake gudanarwa a birnin Washington DC, mai take: “DC FinTech Week”.  Wanda ya kirkiri wannan taro dai shi ne Farfesa Chris Brummer, babban farfesa a fannin dokokin tattalin arzikin kasa, kuma shugaban tsangayar dokokin tattalin arzikin kasa na duniya a Jami’ar Georgetown (Institute of International Economic Law, Georgetown University) na kasar Amurka.  Mahalarta wannan taro, kamar na kowace shekara, kwararrun masana ne a harkar fasahar sadarwar zamani, da hada-hadar kudade a duniya, da tsarin tattalin arzikin kasa, da tsarin shari’ah da dokokin kasuwanci, da kuma malaman jami’o’i da manyan kamfanonin hada-hadar kudaden zamani irin su: Ethereum, da Ripple.

Bayan tattaunawa na tsawon kwanaki, a karshe taron ya yarda cewa, hanya mafi sauki da gwamnatocin kasashen duniya za su bi wajen fuskar kalubalen da sabon tsarin hada-hadar kudade ta kafafen sadarwa (Digital Currency da Cryptocurrency) ya haifar, ita ce, kowace kasa ta yi kokarin shiga cikin lamarin, ta hanyar samar da nata nau’in kudin zamani (Digital Currency).  Wannan, a cewar masana, shi zai tabbatar da tsari cikin hargitsin da sabon hanyar hada-hadar kudaden ya samar.

Wannan nau’in kudi, wanda wata kasa za ta samar don wakiltar nau’in kudinta a sabon tsarin hada-hadar kudade na zamani dake gudanuwa a Intanet, shi ake kira: “Central Bank Digital Currency” ko “CBDC” a gajarce.  Nau’in kudi ne da hukumar wata kasa za ta samar, wanda al’ummarta zata rika amfani dashi a kafafen sadarwa na zamani.  Kuma idan ana son mallakarsa a zahiri, duk za a juya shi zuwa kudin takarda don a cire a amfana dashi.  Ire-iren wadannan kudade su ake kira: “Stable Coins”.

Daga cikin kasashen da suka amsa wannan kira, akwai kasarmu Najeriya, da wasu kasashe 80.  A halin yanzu akwai kasashe 5 da suka fara amfani da wannan tsari na CBDC ko Stable Coins.  Biyar daga cikinsu sun tsunduma cikin tsarin tsundum.  Kasashe 14 kuma na kan gwaji, ciki har da Najeriya.  Ragowan kasashen kuma suna kan hanya.

Oktoba 1, 2021 – Abuja, Najeriya

A yau Jumma’a, 1 ga watan Oktoba, 2021 ne Babban Bankin Najeriya (Central Bank of Nigeria – CBN) yayi kudurin kaddamar da sabon nau’in kudin zamani mai suna: “eNaira”, a tsarin gwaji, amma ‘yan awanni kafin wayewar gari, sai ya dage wannan biki, don himmatuwa da bukukuwan sabon ‘yancin kasa.  Wannan gwaji zai kai har zuwa karshen wannan shekara, kafin tsarin ya game kowa da kowa.  Don haka naga dacewar fara bayani a fayyace, cikin harshe mai saukin fahimta, don bai wa masu karatu damar fahimtar wainar da ake toyawa.  Wani dan uwa, wanda masani ne a harkar sadarwar zamani, ya kira ni kwanaki 5 da suka gabata, inda yake min tambaya kan wannan nau’in kudi.  Daga salon tambayarsa ne na fahimci lallai akwai bukatar yin bayani don Karin wayar da kai.  Makalarmu ta yau dai za ta zo ne a salon tambaya da amsa.  A sha karatu lafiya.

Mene ne “eNaira” Kuma?

Kudin eNaira nau’in kudi ne dake maye makwafin takardar Nairar Najeriya a tsarin hada-hadar kudade da ake gudanarwa a kafafen sadarwa na zamani.  Darajarsa daya ne da takardar Naira.   Sai dai ana iya amfani dashi wajen cinikayya kai tsaye, a ko ina ne a duniya.  Kuma yadda karban takardar Naira take wajibi a Najeriya, haka yake wajibi duk wanda aka sayi hajarsa, ko ya gudanar da wani aiki aka bashi wannan nau’in kudi ya karba.  Wannan nau’in kudi, kamar takardar Naira, babban bankin CBN ne ke bugawa, da tantancewa, da kuma bayar dashi.  Kuma kasancewar rayuwarsa gaba daya a kan tsarin magudanan fasahar hada-hadar kudade na Intanet ne (Blockchain), akwai tsaro mai karfi ta yadda ba wanda zai iya kirkirar jabunsa.  A takaice dai, nau’in kudi ne na zamani da ake amfani dashi ta hanyar kafafen sadarwar zamani, wanda ake kira: “Stable Coin”.

In Haka Ne, Mene ne Banbancinsa da su Bitcoin?

Akwai abin da ya hada su, kamar yadda kuma akwai abin da y araba su.  Abin da ya hada shi ne, kowanne daga cikinsu nau’in kudaden zamani ne, wato: “Digitial Currency”, kuma ana kirkira tare da aika su ne ta hanyar fasahar “Blockchain”, wato magudanar da ake amfani da ita wajen aiwatar da hada-hadar kudade mai cike da tsaro a Intanet.  Amma kuma, a daya bangaren, yayin da eNaira ke amfani da killataccen tsarin aikawa da karban kudade a Blockchain, Bitcoin na amfani ne da tsarin dake warwatse; ma’ana, babu wata hukuma dake iya sanin abin da masu amfani da madaukan ke karba ko aikawa.  Wannan shi ake kira: “Distributed Ledger System.”  Duk abin da ka mallaka a taskarka, kai kadai kake sanin nawa ne, kuma wa da wa suka aiko maka kudi.  Amma a tsarin da aka gina eNaira, babban bankin CBN ne ke gudanar da komai, wajen samar da kudin, da killace yawansa, da kuma baiwa bankunan ‘yan kasuwa damar aikawa da karba a yanayi daban-daban.